Bible Glossary

See below a comprehensive bible glossary.

Glossary for the Book of Genesis

• Adam – The first man created by God, according to the Bible, and the husband of Eve.
• Eve – The first woman created by God from Adam’s rib and the wife of Adam.
• Cain – The firstborn son of Adam and Eve, who killed his brother Abel.
• Abel – The second son of Adam and Eve, who was killed by his brother Cain.
• Noah – A righteous man chosen by God to build an ark and save his family and animals from the flood.
• Ark – The large boat built by Noah to survive the great flood.
• Flood – A cataclysmic event sent by God to cleanse the earth of wickedness.
• Covenant – A solemn agreement between God and humanity, such as the one made with Noah after the flood.
• Abraham – Originally named Abram, he is the father of the Hebrew nation and a central figure in Genesis.
• Sarah – Abraham’s wife, originally named Sarai, who gave birth to Isaac in her old age.
• Isaac – The son of Abraham and Sarah, who was almost sacrificed by his father as a test of faith.
• Ishmael – The son of Abraham and Hagar, Sarah’s maidservant, considered the ancestor of the Arab people.
• Hagar – Sarah’s Egyptian maidservant and the mother of Ishmael.
• Sodom and Gomorrah – Two cities destroyed by God due to their wickedness.
• Lot – Abraham’s nephew who lived in Sodom and was saved from its destruction.
• Jacob – The son of Isaac and Rebekah, who later becomes known as Israel and fathers the twelve tribes of Israel.
• Esau – Jacob’s twin brother, who sold his birthright to Jacob for a meal.
• Rachel – Jacob’s beloved wife and the mother of Joseph and Benjamin.
• Leah – Jacob’s first wife, who bore him six sons and a daughter.
• Joseph – Jacob’s favorite son, who was sold into slavery by his brothers but later became a powerful leader in Egypt.
• Pharaoh – The title of the king of Egypt, who interacted with Abraham, Joseph, and others.
• Canaan – The land promised by God to Abraham and his descendants.
• Creation – The act of God bringing the universe and all living things into existence, as described in Genesis 1.
• Garden of Eden – The paradise where Adam and Eve lived before their disobedience led to the Fall.
• The Fall – The event in which Adam and Eve disobeyed God by eating from the Tree of Knowledge, leading to their expulsion from Eden.
• Serpent – The creature that tempted Eve to eat the forbidden fruit, often identified with Satan.
• Tower of Babel – A tower built by humanity in an attempt to reach heaven, leading to the confusion of languages.
• Patriarchs – The founding fathers of the Hebrew people, including Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob.
• Birthright – The special inheritance rights of the firstborn son, central to the stories of Jacob and Esau.
• Blessing – A formal statement of God’s favor, often given by a father to his sons, especially significant in the stories of Isaac and Jacob.

Glossary for the Book of Exodus

• Moses – The central figure in Exodus, chosen by God to lead the Israelites out of Egyptian slavery.
• Pharaoh – The title of the king of Egypt, who refused to let the Israelites go, leading to the Ten Plagues.
• Aaron – Moses’ brother and spokesperson, who later becomes the first high priest of Israel.
• Miriam – Moses’ sister, who played a significant role in his early life and led the women in song after crossing the Red Sea.
• Burning Bush – The miraculous bush from which God spoke to Moses, commanding him to lead the Israelites out of Egypt.
• Yahweh (YHWH) – The personal name of God revealed to Moses, often translated as “I Am Who I Am.”
• Ten Plagues – A series of devastating events sent by God to persuade Pharaoh to release the Israelites; included turning water into blood, frogs, gnats, flies, livestock disease, boils, hail, locusts, darkness, and the death of the firstborn.
• Passover – The Jewish festival commemorating the Israelites’ escape from Egypt, marked by the sparing of their firstborn when God passed over their homes.
• Unleavened Bread – Bread made without yeast, symbolizing the haste with which the Israelites left Egypt.
• Red Sea – The body of water miraculously parted by God to allow the Israelites to escape from Pharaoh’s army.
• Exodus – The departure of the Israelites from Egypt, led by Moses; the second book of the Bible is named after this event.
• Mount Sinai – The mountain where God gave Moses the Ten Commandments and made a covenant with the Israelites.
• Ten Commandments – The moral laws given by God to Moses on Mount Sinai, central to the covenant with Israel.
• Golden Calf – The idol made by the Israelites while Moses was on Mount Sinai, which led to severe punishment from God.
• Tabernacle – The portable sanctuary that the Israelites built according to God’s instructions, where He would dwell among them.
• Ark of the Covenant – A sacred chest containing the tablets of the Ten Commandments, symbolizing God’s presence with Israel.
• Manna – The miraculous food provided by God to the Israelites in the desert.
• Quail – Birds provided by God as food for the Israelites during their journey through the wilderness.
• Nile River – The major river in Egypt, turned to blood during the first plague.
• Midian – The region where Moses fled after killing an Egyptian, where he met his wife Zipporah and encountered God in the burning bush.
• Zipporah – Moses’ wife, the daughter of Jethro, a Midianite priest.
• Jethro – Moses’ father-in-law, a priest of Midian, who gave Moses wise counsel about leadership.
• Covenant – A solemn agreement between God and the Israelites, including the giving of the law and the Ten Commandments.
• Pillar of Cloud and Fire – The manifestations of God’s presence that guided the Israelites by day (cloud) and by night (fire) during their journey.
• Plague of the Firstborn – The final and most devastating plague, where the firstborn in every Egyptian household died, leading Pharaoh to release the Israelites.
• Hebrews – Another name for the Israelites, used frequently in the early chapters of Exodus.
• Sabbath – The day of rest commanded by God, based on His rest on the seventh day of creation, and reaffirmed in the Ten Commandments.
• Marah – A place where the Israelites found bitter water, which God made sweet for drinking.
• Rephidim – A location where the Israelites faced the Amalekites and where Moses struck a rock to bring forth water.
• Amalekites – A tribe that attacked the Israelites during their journey, later defeated by Joshua.

Glossary for the Book of Leviticus

• Leviticus – The third book of the Bible, primarily focused on laws, rituals, and the responsibilities of the Levitical priests.
• Levites – The tribe of Israel to which the priests belonged, responsible for the care of the Tabernacle and later the Temple.
• Priests – Members of the tribe of Levi, particularly the descendants of Aaron, who were responsible for performing sacrifices and rituals.
• Sacrifice – Offerings made to God, often involving the killing of animals, as a means of atonement, thanksgiving, or fellowship.
• Burnt Offering – A type of sacrifice where the entire animal is burned on the altar as an offering to God.
• Grain Offering – A sacrifice of flour, oil, and frankincense, representing dedication to God.
• Peace Offering – A voluntary sacrifice made in thanksgiving, fellowship, or fulfillment of a vow.
• Sin Offering – A sacrifice made to atone for unintentional sins.
• Guilt Offering – A sacrifice made to atone for specific sins, particularly those involving restitution.
• Clean and Unclean – Terms describing the ritual purity or impurity of people, animals, and objects, affecting their suitability for worship.
• Day of Atonement (Yom Kippur) – An annual holy day when the High Priest made atonement for the sins of Israel, involving special sacrifices and the ritual of the scapegoat.
• Scapegoat – A goat sent into the wilderness, symbolically carrying the sins of the people, as part of the Day of Atonement rituals.
• Holiness Code – A section of Leviticus (chapters 17-26) detailing laws and commandments focused on holiness in personal conduct, worship, and community life.
• Tabernacle – The portable sanctuary where God dwelled among the Israelites and where the priests performed sacrifices.
• Holy of Holies – The innermost chamber of the Tabernacle, where the Ark of the Covenant was kept and where the High Priest entered once a year on the Day of Atonement.
• Purification – The process of becoming ritually clean, often involving washing, sacrifice, or waiting periods.
• Atonement – The process of reconciling with God, typically through sacrifices that cleanse sin.
• Kosher Laws – Dietary laws governing what is considered clean or unclean to eat, including the prohibition of eating certain animals.
• Jubilee – A special year of rest and restoration occurring every 50th year, where debts were forgiven, and land returned to original owners.
• Sabbath – The seventh day of the week, set aside for rest and worship, also extended to years in certain agricultural practices.
• Holy Days – Special days set apart for worship and celebration, including the Sabbath, Passover, Feast of Weeks, and others.
• Nadab and Abihu – The sons of Aaron who offered unauthorized fire before the Lord and were consumed by fire as a result.
• Tithes – A portion of produce or income given to the Levites and priests for their service to the community and the Lord.
• Leprosy – A term used for various skin diseases, considered a major source of ritual impurity, requiring isolation and ritual cleansing.
• Blasphemy – The act of showing disrespect or lack of reverence for God, considered a grave sin.
• Blood – Symbolically representing life; laws regarding the handling and sanctity of blood are prominent in Leviticus.
• Shekel – A unit of weight and currency used in the Bible; often mentioned in the context of offerings and payments.
• Anointing Oil – A specially prepared oil used to consecrate priests, the Tabernacle, and sacred objects.
• Consecration – The act of making something or someone holy through rituals, often involving sacrifices, anointing, or vows.
• Vow – A solemn promise made to God, often accompanied by an offering or sacrifice.

Glossary for the Book of Numbers

• Numbers – The fourth book of the Bible, named for the censuses taken of the Israelites; it details their journey from Mount Sinai to the Promised Land.
• Census – The counting of the Israelite men capable of military service, recorded at the beginning and near the end of the book.
• Israelites – The descendants of Jacob (Israel) who were led by Moses through the wilderness.
• Moses – The leader of the Israelites who guided them through the wilderness toward the Promised Land.
• Aaron – Moses’ brother, the first high priest of Israel, who played a key role in leading the Israelites.
• Levites – The tribe of Levi, set apart to serve as priests and caretakers of the Tabernacle.
• Tabernacle – The portable sanctuary where God dwelled among the Israelites and where they worshiped during their journey.
• Korah’s Rebellion – A significant rebellion against Moses’ leadership, led by Korah, which resulted in the death of Korah and his followers.
• Balaam – A non-Israelite prophet who was hired to curse the Israelites but ended up blessing them instead.
• Balak – The king of Moab who hired Balaam to curse the Israelites, fearing their presence in the region.
• Nazirite – A person who took a special vow of dedication to God, involving abstaining from wine, avoiding contact with the dead, and not cutting their hair.
• Aaronic Blessing – A special blessing pronounced by Aaron and his sons over the Israelites, found in Numbers 6:24-26.
• Promised Land – The land of Canaan, promised by God to Abraham and his descendants, where the Israelites were journeying to settle.
• Twelve Spies – The twelve men sent by Moses to scout the land of Canaan, ten of whom gave a fearful report, leading to Israel’s 40 years in the wilderness.
• Caleb – One of the twelve spies who, along with Joshua, encouraged the Israelites to trust God and enter the Promised Land.
• Joshua – Moses’ assistant and one of the twelve spies, who later becomes the leader of Israel after Moses.
• Quail – Birds provided by God as food for the Israelites when they complained about the lack of meat.
• Manna – The miraculous food provided daily by God to the Israelites during their 40 years in the wilderness.
• Water from the Rock – An event where Moses, by God’s command, brought forth water from a rock to quench the thirst of the Israelites.
• Bronze Serpent – A serpent made by Moses on God’s command, which healed the Israelites from snake bites when they looked upon it.
• Kadesh-Barnea – A significant location in the wilderness where the Israelites camped and from where the twelve spies were sent into Canaan.
• Plains of Moab – The region east of the Jordan River, where the Israelites camped before entering the Promised Land.
• Hobab – Moses’ brother-in-law who guided the Israelites through the wilderness.
• Midianites – A people group who opposed the Israelites, leading to a battle in which the Israelites emerged victorious.
• Levitical Cities – Forty-eight cities given to the Levites, spread throughout Israel, including six cities of refuge.
• Cities of Refuge – Six cities designated as safe havens for those who accidentally killed someone, protecting them from avengers until trial.
• Red Heifer – A special sacrificial animal whose ashes were used in purification rituals for those who became ceremonially unclean.
• Zelophehad’s Daughters – The daughters of Zelophehad who petitioned Moses for the right to inherit their father’s land, leading to a change in inheritance laws.
• Moab – A region east of the Jordan River and north of the Dead Sea, whose king, Balak, sought to curse the Israelites.
• Og – The king of Bashan, a giant who was defeated by the Israelites during their conquest of the land east of the Jordan River.

Glossary for the Book of Deuteronomy

• Deuteronomy – The fifth book of the Bible, which means “second law”; it contains Moses’ final speeches to the Israelites before they enter the Promised Land.
• Moses – The central figure in Deuteronomy, who delivers a series of speeches to the Israelites, summarizing their history and reiterating God’s laws.
• Promised Land – The land of Canaan, promised by God to the descendants of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, which the Israelites are about to enter.
• Shema – A central declaration of faith found in Deuteronomy 6:4-5: “Hear, O Israel: The LORD our God, the LORD is one. Love the LORD your God with all your heart and with all your soul and with all your strength.”
• Covenant – The solemn agreement between God and Israel, where the Israelites commit to obeying God’s laws in exchange for His protection and blessing.
• Ten Commandments – The moral laws given by God, originally at Mount Sinai, and reiterated by Moses in Deuteronomy 5.
• Blessings and Curses – The promises of prosperity for obedience and the warnings of disaster for disobedience, outlined in Deuteronomy 28.
• The Law (Torah) – The instructions and commandments given by God to the Israelites, which Moses reiterates in Deuteronomy.
• Idolatry – The worship of false gods, strongly condemned throughout Deuteronomy as the greatest sin against the covenant with Yahweh.
• Mount Nebo – The mountain from which Moses viewed the Promised Land before his death; he was not allowed to enter it.
• Joshua – Moses’ successor, who is appointed to lead the Israelites into the Promised Land.
• Levites – The tribe set apart to serve as priests and caretakers of the Tabernacle and later the Temple, who also taught the law to the people.
• Cities of Refuge – Six cities designated as safe havens for those who accidentally killed someone, protecting them from avengers until trial, mentioned again in Deuteronomy.
• Passover – A major Jewish festival commemorating the Israelites’ deliverance from Egypt, with specific instructions reiterated in Deuteronomy 16.
• The Great Commandment – The command to love God with all one’s heart, soul, and strength, highlighted in Deuteronomy as the essence of the law.
• Wilderness Wanderings – The 40-year period when the Israelites wandered in the desert due to their disobedience, often referenced in Deuteronomy as a warning.
• The Song of Moses – A poem in Deuteronomy 32 that recaps God’s faithfulness and Israel’s unfaithfulness, serving as a witness against Israel.
• The Book of the Law – The scroll containing God’s laws, which Moses commanded to be placed beside the Ark of the Covenant as a witness against Israel if they disobeyed.
• Tithes – The practice of giving a tenth of one’s produce or income to support the Levites, the poor, and religious festivals, reiterated in Deuteronomy.
• Deuteronomic Code – The collection of laws found in Deuteronomy, focusing on social justice, proper worship, and community life.
• Theological Monotheism – The emphasis in Deuteronomy on the belief in one God, Yahweh, as the sole deity worthy of worship.
• Prophet like Moses – A promise in Deuteronomy 18:15 that God would raise up a prophet like Moses to lead and guide Israel.
• War Laws – Instructions given in Deuteronomy 20 regarding the conduct of warfare, including the treatment of enemies and the sparing of certain populations.
• Altar of Witness – The command to build an altar as a witness to the covenant between God and the Israelites, symbolizing their exclusive worship of Yahweh.
• Gleaning Laws – Laws in Deuteronomy 24 that required farmers to leave some of their harvest for the poor and the foreigner.
• Centralization of Worship – The command that sacrifices and offerings should be made only at the place God chooses, later identified as Jerusalem.
• Moses’ Farewell Address – The speeches Moses gave in Deuteronomy as he prepared the Israelites to enter the Promised Land without him.
• Circumcision of the Heart – A metaphor in Deuteronomy 10:16 and 30:6 for inner spiritual transformation and commitment to God.
• Judges and Officers – Instructions for establishing a system of justice in Israel, with judges and officers appointed to enforce the law.
• Moses’ Death – The account of Moses’ death at the end of Deuteronomy, where he is buried by God, and the leadership is passed to Joshua.

Glossary for the Book of Joshua

• Joshua – The central figure in the book, Moses’ successor, who leads the Israelites into the Promised Land and oversees its conquest and division among the tribes.
• Promised Land – The land of Canaan, promised by God to the descendants of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, which the Israelites begin to conquer under Joshua’s leadership.
• Canaanites – The inhabitants of Canaan, whom the Israelites are commanded to drive out of the land.
• Jordan River – The river that the Israelites miraculously cross to enter the Promised Land, with the waters parting to allow them to pass on dry ground.
• Jericho – The first city in Canaan to be conquered by the Israelites, famous for its walls that fell after the Israelites marched around them for seven days.
• Rahab – A Canaanite woman in Jericho who hides the Israelite spies and is spared during the city’s destruction; she is later included in the lineage of Jesus.
• Achan – An Israelite who disobeyed God’s command by taking forbidden items from Jericho, leading to Israel’s defeat at Ai until his sin was revealed and punished.
• Ai – The second city targeted by the Israelites after Jericho; initially they were defeated due to Achan’s sin, but later they successfully captured it.
• Gibeonites – A group of Canaanites who deceive the Israelites into making a peace treaty with them, becoming servants instead of being destroyed.
• The Ban (Herem) – The command to completely destroy certain Canaanite cities and their inhabitants as an offering to God, without taking any plunder.
• Gilgal – The first camp of the Israelites after crossing the Jordan River, where they set up memorial stones and where the males were circumcised.
• The Twelve Stones – Stones taken from the Jordan River by each of the twelve tribes as a memorial of the miraculous crossing.
• Sun Standing Still – A miraculous event where God made the sun and moon stand still to allow the Israelites more time to defeat the Amorites.
• Cities of Refuge – Six cities designated as safe havens for those who accidentally killed someone, protecting them from avengers until trial.
• Levitical Cities – Forty-eight cities given to the Levites, spread throughout Israel, where they could live and serve as religious leaders and teachers.
• Division of the Land – The process by which the land of Canaan was divided among the twelve tribes of Israel, as detailed in the latter part of the book.
• Tribes of Israel – The twelve tribes descended from the twelve sons of Jacob, each receiving an inheritance of land in Canaan.
• Caleb – One of the two faithful spies (along with Joshua) from the time of Moses, who is granted the city of Hebron as his inheritance.
• Mount Ebal and Mount Gerizim – Two mountains where the Israelites renewed the covenant with God, with blessings pronounced from Gerizim and curses from Ebal.
• Covenant Renewal – The ceremony where Joshua and the Israelites reaffirm their commitment to the covenant with God, renewing their obedience to His laws.
• The Eastern Tribes – The tribes of Reuben, Gad, and the half-tribe of Manasseh, who settled east of the Jordan River but participated in the conquest of Canaan.
• Altar of Witness – An altar built by the eastern tribes near the Jordan River as a witness that they are part of the Israelite community, leading to a misunderstanding that was resolved peacefully.
• Shiloh – The location where the Tabernacle was set up after the conquest, serving as the religious center of Israel during the early period in the Promised Land.
• Joshua’s Farewell Address – Joshua’s final speech to the Israelites, urging them to remain faithful to God and to avoid the influence of the remaining Canaanites.
• Shechem – The place where Joshua renewed the covenant with the Israelites before his death, a significant location in Israelite history.
• The Book of the Law – The scroll containing the laws given by Moses, which Joshua reads to the people during the covenant renewal ceremonies.
• Inheritance – The portion of the Promised Land given to each tribe of Israel as their permanent possession, based on their ancestral lines.
• Judges – Leaders who would rise up to deliver Israel during times of crisis; though not prominent in Joshua, the concept is introduced as a preparation for the subsequent book of Judges.
• Hebron – The city given to Caleb as his inheritance, significant as the burial place of the patriarchs and a major city in Judah.
• Jebusites – The inhabitants of Jerusalem, who continued to live in the city until it was fully captured by King David centuries later.

Glossary for the Book of Judges

• Judges – The leaders raised up by God to deliver Israel from oppression and to lead them, typically during periods of crisis, between the time of Joshua and the establishment of the monarchy.
• Israelites – The descendants of Jacob (Israel) who inhabited the Promised Land and experienced cycles of sin, oppression, repentance, and deliverance in the Book of Judges.
• Canaanites – The inhabitants of Canaan, often oppressing the Israelites during the period of the judges, whom the Israelites were supposed to drive out but often failed to.
• Deborah – The only female judge mentioned in the Bible, who led Israel to victory over the Canaanites under the leadership of Barak.
• Barak – The military leader who, under Deborah’s guidance, led Israel to victory over the Canaanites and their commander Sisera.
• Gideon – A judge who delivered Israel from the Midianites; known for defeating a large Midianite army with only 300 men, selected by God.
• Samson – A judge known for his immense strength, who fought against the Philistines but was eventually betrayed by Delilah and lost his strength before being redeemed in his final act of destruction.
• Delilah – A woman who betrayed Samson to the Philistines by discovering the secret of his strength, which lay in his uncut hair.
• Jephthah – A judge who delivered Israel from the Ammonites but is most known for making a rash vow that led to the sacrifice of his daughter.
• Ehud – A left-handed judge who delivered Israel from Moabite oppression by assassinating the Moabite king Eglon.
• Eglon – The king of Moab who oppressed Israel and was assassinated by the judge Ehud.
• Othniel – The first judge mentioned in the Book of Judges, who delivered Israel from the oppression of the king of Aram.
• Shamgar – A minor judge known for killing 600 Philistines with an oxgoad, delivering Israel from their oppression.
• Abimelech – The son of Gideon who declared himself king and ruled Israel for three years before being overthrown; often considered a negative figure.
• Philistines – A powerful people who frequently oppressed Israel during the time of the judges, particularly during the narratives of Samson and others.
• Midianites – A nomadic people who oppressed Israel during the time of Gideon, stealing their crops and livestock until Gideon led a successful revolt.
• Ammonites – A people who oppressed Israel, leading to the rise of Jephthah as a judge and deliverer.
• Sisera – The commander of the Canaanite army defeated by Barak and Deborah; he was killed by Jael, who drove a tent peg through his head.
• Jael – A woman who killed Sisera, the commander of the Canaanite army, by driving a tent peg through his head while he slept.
• Nazirite – A person consecrated to God under a vow to abstain from wine, avoid contact with the dead, and not cut their hair; Samson was a Nazirite from birth.
• Tola – A judge who led Israel after Abimelech and provided stability, though little is said about his time as a judge.
• Jair – A judge who led Israel for 22 years; he had 30 sons who rode 30 donkeys and controlled 30 towns in Gilead.
• Ibzan – A judge from Bethlehem who led Israel for seven years and had 30 sons and 30 daughters, all of whom he arranged marriages for.
• Elon – A judge from the tribe of Zebulun who led Israel for ten years; little is known about his rule.
• Abdon – A judge who led Israel for eight years; he had 40 sons and 30 grandsons who rode on 70 donkeys.
• Cycle of Apostasy – The recurring pattern in Judges where the Israelites fall into sin, are oppressed by enemies, cry out to God, are delivered by a judge, and then fall back into sin.
• Asherah – A Canaanite goddess often worshiped alongside Baal, whose altars and poles were to be destroyed by the Israelites.
• Baal – A Canaanite god frequently worshiped by the Israelites during periods of apostasy; worship of Baal was strongly condemned by the judges and prophets.
• Gibeah – The town in Benjamin where a horrific crime led to a civil war between the tribe of Benjamin and the other Israelite tribes.
• Bethlehem – A town in Judah that plays a minor role in Judges but is significant as the birthplace of King David and later Jesus.
• Levite’s Concubine – A tragic story in Judges 19-21 where the abuse and murder of a Levite’s concubine leads to a civil war with the tribe of Benjamin.
• Fleece Test – A sign requested by Gideon to confirm God’s will, where a fleece was placed on the ground and was either wet or dry depending on God’s answer.
• Jotham’s Parable – A fable told by Jotham, the son of Gideon, to warn the people of Shechem about the dangers of following Abimelech as king.
• Shechem – A city in central Canaan where Abimelech declared himself king and where Jotham delivered his parable.
• Timnath – The Philistine town where Samson sought a wife, leading to a series of conflicts with the Philistines.
• Ashkelon – A Philistine city that Samson attacked in retaliation for his wife being given to another man.
• Mizpah – A place of assembly for the Israelites during various events in the Book of Judges, including the gathering for war against the tribe of Benjamin.
• The Angel of the Lord – A divine messenger who appears several times in Judges, often delivering messages of instruction or rebuke to the Israelites.

Glossary for the Book of Ruth

• Ruth – The Moabite widow of Mahlon, who shows loyalty to her mother-in-law Naomi and later marries Boaz, becoming an ancestor of King David and Jesus.
• Naomi – Ruth’s mother-in-law, an Israelite woman from Bethlehem who loses her husband and sons in Moab and returns to Bethlehem with Ruth.
• Boaz – A wealthy relative of Naomi’s late husband, who marries Ruth and serves as her kinsman-redeemer, ensuring the continuation of her deceased husband’s lineage.
• Elimelech – Naomi’s husband who, due to famine, moves his family from Bethlehem to Moab, where he later dies.
• Mahlon – One of Naomi’s sons and the first husband of Ruth, who dies in Moab.
• Chilion – Naomi’s other son, who dies in Moab after marrying Orpah.
• Orpah – The Moabite widow of Chilion and Ruth’s sister-in-law, who initially sets out with Naomi but eventually returns to her own people in Moab.
• Moab – The country east of Israel, where Naomi’s family moves due to famine and where Ruth and Orpah originate.
• Bethlehem – The town in Judah where Naomi and Ruth return after the deaths of their husbands, and where Ruth meets Boaz.
• Kinsman-Redeemer – A male relative who, according to Israelite law, had the responsibility to redeem a relative in serious difficulty, such as by marrying a widow to preserve the family line.
• Gleaning – The practice of collecting leftover grain from the fields after the harvesters, which was permitted for the poor and foreigners; Ruth gleans in Boaz’s fields.
• Threshing Floor – The place where grain was separated from the chaff, where Ruth approaches Boaz to request his protection and offer herself in marriage.
• Levirate Marriage – A custom where the brother (or closest male relative) of a deceased man marries the widow to produce offspring in the deceased man’s name.
• Obed – The son of Ruth and Boaz, who becomes the grandfather of King David.
• House of Bread – The meaning of the name “Bethlehem,” the hometown of Naomi, Boaz, and later the birthplace of King David and Jesus.
• Mara – The name Naomi adopts, meaning “bitter,” reflecting her grief and loss upon returning to Bethlehem.
• Ephrathites – The clan to which Naomi, Elimelech, and their sons belonged; Ephrathah is another name for Bethlehem.
• Inheritance – The property or land passed down through generations, which Boaz preserves by marrying Ruth.
• Barley Harvest – The time of year when Ruth and Naomi return to Bethlehem, and Ruth begins gleaning in Boaz’s fields; it marks the beginning of Ruth’s story of redemption.
• The Elders of the City – The leaders in Bethlehem who witness the legal transaction between Boaz and the closer kinsman regarding Ruth and Naomi’s inheritance.
• Chesed – A Hebrew word often translated as “loving-kindness” or “covenant loyalty,” demonstrated by Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi and Boaz’s kindness to Ruth.
• Lineage of David – The genealogy listed at the end of the Book of Ruth, showing Ruth and Boaz as ancestors of King David and, by extension, of Jesus.
• Gate of the City – The place where legal matters and business transactions were conducted in ancient Israel, including Boaz’s negotiation for Ruth’s hand in marriage.
• Widowhood – The state of being a widow, significant in Ruth’s story as it leads to her dependence on the kindness of others and the practice of levirate marriage.
• Famine – The severe shortage of food that causes Elimelech and his family to leave Bethlehem for Moab, setting the stage for the events in Ruth.

Glossary for the Book of 1 Samuel

• Samuel – The last judge of Israel, a prophet, and the one who anointed both Saul and David as kings. He was dedicated to God by his mother, Hannah, and raised in the temple.
• Hannah – The mother of Samuel, who prayed earnestly for a child and dedicated Samuel to God’s service as a Nazirite.
• Eli – The high priest and judge of Israel who raised Samuel; his sons were corrupt, leading to God’s judgment on his house.
• Saul – The first king of Israel, anointed by Samuel. Saul initially ruled well but later disobeyed God, leading to his rejection as king.
• David – The youngest son of Jesse, anointed by Samuel to be king after Saul. Known for his defeat of Goliath, his psalms, and his complex relationship with Saul.
• Jonathan – The son of Saul and close friend of David, known for his loyalty to David despite his father’s jealousy.
• Goliath – A giant Philistine warrior defeated by young David with a sling and a stone, symbolizing God’s power and David’s faith.
• Philistines – A recurring enemy of Israel during the time of the judges and early monarchy, often in conflict with Saul and David.
• Ark of the Covenant – The sacred chest containing the Ten Commandments, representing God’s presence; captured by the Philistines and later returned to Israel.
• Shiloh – The religious center of Israel before the temple was built in Jerusalem, where the Ark of the Covenant was kept and where Samuel was raised.
• Bethlehem – The hometown of David, where he was anointed by Samuel to be king of Israel.
• Michal – The daughter of Saul and the first wife of David, who helped David escape from Saul but later had a strained relationship with David.
• Ahimelech – A priest who gave David holy bread and the sword of Goliath when David was fleeing from Saul, later killed by Saul’s orders.
• Doeg the Edomite – A servant of Saul who reported Ahimelech’s aid to David and carried out the massacre of the priests at Nob.
• Nob – A city of priests near Jerusalem, where Ahimelech served and where Saul ordered the massacre of the priests who aided David.
• Jesse – The father of David, from the tribe of Judah, who lived in Bethlehem.
• Saul’s Spear – A weapon frequently mentioned as Saul attempted to kill David with it out of jealousy and anger.
• Anointing – The act of pouring oil on someone’s head, symbolizing God’s choice and empowerment, as seen in the anointing of both Saul and David as kings.
• Prophet – A person chosen by God to speak on His behalf, delivering messages of guidance, judgment, and future events; Samuel was one of Israel’s key prophets.
• King – The ruler of Israel after the period of the judges, beginning with Saul; chosen by God and anointed by the prophet Samuel.
• Witch of Endor – A medium Saul consults before his final battle, who conjures the spirit of Samuel, predicting Saul’s defeat and death.
• Jabesh-Gilead – A city in Israel rescued by Saul early in his reign, leading to his initial popularity and acceptance as king.
• Amalekites – A nomadic tribe that was a longstanding enemy of Israel; Saul was commanded to destroy them completely but disobeyed, leading to his rejection by God.
• Nabal – A wealthy but foolish man who insulted David, leading to his death and David’s marriage to his widow, Abigail.
• Abigail – The wise and beautiful wife of Nabal, who later became one of David’s wives after Nabal’s death.
• Keilah – A city that David saved from the Philistines but was later prepared to betray him to Saul, forcing David to flee.
• Ramathaim-Zophim (Ramah) – The hometown of Samuel, where he was born and later served as a judge of Israel.
• Holy Bread (Showbread) – The consecrated bread kept in the Tabernacle, which Ahimelech gave to David when he was fleeing Saul.
• Nazirite – A person set apart for God by a special vow, which included abstaining from wine, not cutting their hair, and avoiding contact with the dead; Samuel was a Nazirite from birth.
• Gilgal – A significant site where Saul was confirmed as king and where Samuel often conducted sacrifices and ceremonies.
• Ebenezer – A stone set up by Samuel after a victory over the Philistines, meaning “stone of help,” symbolizing God’s assistance to Israel.
• Wilderness of Ziph – A desert area where David hid from Saul, and where the Ziphites betrayed David’s location to Saul.
• Wilderness of Paran – A region where David retreated to after the death of Samuel and where the encounter with Nabal and Abigail occurred.
• Samuel’s Farewell Address – A speech given by Samuel before his retirement as judge, where he warned Israel about the dangers of having a king and called for their continued obedience to God.
• Medium – A person believed to communicate with the dead; Saul consulted a medium at Endor to contact the spirit of Samuel.
• Battle of Mount Gilboa – The final battle where Saul and his sons, including Jonathan, were killed by the Philistines, marking the end of Saul’s reign.
• Saul’s Armor-bearer – The servant who was with Saul in his final moments and was asked by Saul to kill him to avoid capture, but ultimately Saul took his own life.
• Saul’s Death – The tragic end of the first king of Israel, who, after being wounded in battle, fell on his own sword to avoid being captured by the Philistines.
• Kingship – The institution of ruling over Israel, beginning with Saul and later passing to David, central to the narrative of 1 Samuel.
• Priestly Garment (Ephod) – A sacred vestment worn by priests; David sought guidance from God using the ephod during his time of fleeing from Saul.

Glossary for the Book of 2 Samuel

• David – The central figure in 2 Samuel, who becomes the king of Israel after Saul’s death and establishes Jerusalem as the nation’s capital. His reign is marked by both military success and personal failings.
• Bathsheba – The wife of Uriah the Hittite, with whom David commits adultery. Their affair leads to the birth of Solomon after a series of tragic events.
• Uriah the Hittite – Bathsheba’s husband, a loyal soldier in David’s army, who is deliberately placed in the front lines of battle by David to cover up the affair.
• Nathan – The prophet who serves as David’s advisor and confronts him about his sin with Bathsheba, delivering God’s message of judgment and forgiveness.
• Absalom – David’s son who rebels against him, leading a revolt and briefly usurping the throne before being killed by Joab.
• Joab – David’s nephew and commander of his army, known for his loyalty to David but also for his ruthless actions, including the killing of Absalom.
• Amnon – David’s eldest son, who rapes his half-sister Tamar, leading to his murder by Absalom in revenge.
• Tamar – David’s daughter and Absalom’s sister, who is raped by her half-brother Amnon, causing great turmoil in David’s family.
• Mephibosheth – The son of Jonathan and grandson of Saul, who is shown kindness by David and given a place at the king’s table despite being crippled.
• Ziba – The servant of Mephibosheth who later betrays him by falsely accusing him of disloyalty to David during Absalom’s rebellion.
• Ish-bosheth – Saul’s son who is proclaimed king over Israel after Saul’s death, leading to a civil war with David; he is eventually murdered.
• Hushai – David’s loyal advisor who pretends to support Absalom during the rebellion, acting as a spy and giving advice that leads to Absalom’s downfall.
• Ahithophel – A former advisor to David who defects to Absalom during the rebellion and whose counsel, when rejected, leads to his suicide.
• Abner – The commander of Saul’s army who initially supports Ish-bosheth but later defects to David before being murdered by Joab.
• Jerusalem – The city that David captures from the Jebusites and establishes as the capital of Israel, also known as the City of David.
• Ark of the Covenant – The sacred chest representing God’s presence, which David brings to Jerusalem in a joyous celebration.
• Davidic Covenant – The promise made by God to David, through the prophet Nathan, that his descendants would rule Israel forever, establishing David’s lineage as central to the Messianic hope.
• Gibeonites – A group that had been wronged by Saul, leading to a famine in Israel during David’s reign until the issue is resolved through an act of justice.
• Rizpah – Saul’s concubine, who mourns the deaths of her sons executed by the Gibeonites, showing great devotion and prompting David to give them a proper burial.
• Adonijah – David’s son who attempts to seize the throne as David nears death, leading to a conflict over the succession.
• Bathsheba’s Lament – The deep mourning of Bathsheba over the death of her first child with David, a result of their sin, and the subsequent birth of Solomon.
• Michal – Saul’s daughter and David’s first wife, who despises David for his exuberant worship when the Ark is brought to Jerusalem, leading to a strained relationship.
• Benaiah – A loyal warrior under David who leads David’s personal guard and later becomes an important figure under Solomon.
• Solomon – The son of David and Bathsheba, who is chosen by God to succeed David as king and is known for his wisdom and the building of the Temple.
• Abishai – Joab’s brother, a fierce warrior who assists David in many battles and plays a key role in defeating Absalom’s forces.
• Sheba – A Benjaminite who leads a rebellion against David after Absalom’s death, proclaiming “We have no part in David,” but is eventually killed.
• Shimei – A man from the house of Saul who curses David during Absalom’s rebellion but is later pardoned by David, although not fully trusted.
• Jebusites – The original inhabitants of Jerusalem, who were defeated by David, leading to the establishment of the city as Israel’s capital.
• Mount Zion – The hill in Jerusalem where David establishes his palace and where the Ark is eventually housed, becoming a symbol of God’s presence and kingship.
• Mourning for Absalom – The intense grief David shows after the death of his son Absalom, despite Absalom’s rebellion, highlighting David’s deep paternal love.
• Plague – A severe plague sent by God as punishment for David’s census of Israel, which David repents of, leading to the purchase of the land that becomes the site for the future Temple.
• Araunah’s Threshing Floor – The site where David offers sacrifices to stop the plague, later becoming the location of Solomon’s Temple.
• David’s Mighty Men – A group of elite warriors who performed great feats of bravery and were fiercely loyal to David, playing crucial roles in his military campaigns.
• Jebus – The ancient name for Jerusalem before David conquered it and made it his capital.
• Song of David – A poetic song of praise and thanksgiving attributed to David, found in 2 Samuel 22, celebrating God’s deliverance and faithfulness.
• David’s Last Words – A poetic oracle delivered by David near the end of his life, reflecting on God’s covenant with him and his reign as king.
• Succession Crisis – The struggle over who would succeed David as king, involving intrigue among David’s sons and key advisors, leading to Solomon’s anointing as king.
• The House of David – Refers to David’s royal dynasty, which is promised an everlasting throne, central to the Messianic expectation in the Bible.

Glossary for the Book of 1 Kings

• Solomon – The son of David and Bathsheba, who becomes the third king of Israel. Known for his wisdom, wealth, and building projects, including the First Temple in Jerusalem.
• Rehoboam – The son of Solomon who becomes the king of Judah after Solomon’s death, under whom the kingdom of Israel splits into two.
• Jeroboam – The first king of the northern kingdom of Israel after the division of the united monarchy. He establishes alternative places of worship in Bethel and Dan.
• The Division of the Kingdom – The event where Israel splits into two separate kingdoms: the northern kingdom of Israel and the southern kingdom of Judah, following Solomon’s death.
• Temple of Solomon – Also known as the First Temple, this was the central place of worship for Israel in Jerusalem, built by Solomon as a permanent dwelling place for the Ark of the Covenant.
• Sheba, Queen of – A queen from the south (modern-day Ethiopia or Yemen) who visits Solomon to test his wisdom with hard questions and brings him lavish gifts.
• Adonijah – A son of David who attempts to seize the throne during David’s old age but is thwarted by Solomon and ultimately executed.
• Abishag – A Shunammite woman who serves as David’s nurse in his old age, and whose involvement in political intrigue leads to the downfall of Adonijah.
• Benaiah – One of David’s mighty men and the chief of Solomon’s army, who plays a crucial role in securing Solomon’s throne by executing Solomon’s rivals.
• Abiathar – A priest during David’s reign who supports Adonijah’s bid for the throne and is later deposed by Solomon, ending his line’s priestly role.
• Zadok – A priest who remains loyal to David and supports Solomon’s claim to the throne; he becomes the high priest during Solomon’s reign.
• Joab – David’s military commander who supports Adonijah’s bid for the throne and is executed by Solomon’s orders for his past crimes.
• Hiram of Tyre – The king of Tyre who supplies materials and craftsmen to help Solomon build the Temple and his palace.
• Elijah – A prophet of Israel who confronts King Ahab and Queen Jezebel, challenges the prophets of Baal on Mount Carmel, and performs many miracles.
• Ahab – The seventh king of Israel, known for his marriage to Jezebel, his promotion of Baal worship, and his conflicts with Elijah.
• Jezebel – The wife of King Ahab, a Phoenician princess who promotes the worship of Baal in Israel and becomes a symbol of wickedness.
• Naboth’s Vineyard – A plot of land coveted by Ahab, who has Naboth falsely accused and killed to seize it, leading to a prophetic judgment against Ahab and Jezebel.
• Mount Carmel – The site of the dramatic showdown between Elijah and the prophets of Baal, where God answers Elijah’s prayer with fire from heaven.
• Baal – A Canaanite god whose worship is promoted by Jezebel in Israel, leading to significant conflicts with Elijah and the true worship of Yahweh.
• Asherah – A Canaanite goddess often associated with Baal worship; her poles and altars were to be destroyed according to the laws of Israel.
• Solomon’s Wisdom – The extraordinary wisdom given to Solomon by God, demonstrated in his judgments, proverbs, and the construction of the Temple.
• Golden Calves – Idols set up by Jeroboam in Bethel and Dan to prevent the Israelites from going to Jerusalem to worship, leading Israel into idolatry.
• Bethel and Dan – The two cities where Jeroboam set up golden calves as alternative worship sites to prevent his people from returning to Jerusalem.
• Widow of Zarephath – A woman who provides for Elijah during a drought, miraculously seeing her oil and flour multiply, and later witnesses Elijah raising her son from the dead.
• Chariot of Fire – The divine vehicle that takes Elijah up to heaven in a whirlwind, marking his departure from earthly life.
• Jehoshaphat – The king of Judah who forms an alliance with Ahab, joining forces in battle but remaining generally faithful to God.
• Shishak – The Pharaoh of Egypt who invades Judah during Rehoboam’s reign and plunders the Temple and the royal palace.
• Kingdom of Judah – The southern kingdom, composed of the tribes of Judah and Benjamin, with Jerusalem as its capital and ruled by the Davidic line.
• Kingdom of Israel – The northern kingdom, composed of the other ten tribes of Israel, often led by kings who turn away from the worship of Yahweh.
• Prophetic Ministry – The role of prophets like Elijah and others, who serve as God’s messengers to warn, guide, and sometimes rebuke the kings and people of Israel and Judah.
• Moabite Stone (Mesha Stele) – An ancient inscription by King Mesha of Moab, recounting a rebellion against Israel, providing historical context to the events in 1 Kings.
• Ahaziah – The son of Ahab and Jezebel who briefly rules Israel, continuing his parents’ idolatrous practices, and dies after a fall, following a prophecy by Elijah.
• Ben-Hadad – The king of Aram (Syria) who wars against Israel during Ahab’s reign, leading to several conflicts and prophetic encounters.
• Elisha – The disciple of Elijah who receives his mantle and continues his prophetic ministry with a double portion of Elijah’s spirit.
• Solomon’s Temple – The magnificent structure built in Jerusalem as a permanent house of worship for God, reflecting Solomon’s devotion and the central place of the covenant.
• Cedars of Lebanon – The fine wood supplied by King Hiram of Tyre, used by Solomon in the construction of the Temple and his palace.
• Sabbath Year – The year of rest for the land every seven years, part of the covenant law, reflecting God’s provision and care for Israel.
• Queen of Sheba’s Visit – A significant event where the Queen of Sheba visits Solomon to test his wisdom and is impressed by his wealth, wisdom, and devotion to God.
• Micaiah – A prophet who warns Ahab of his impending death in battle, despite Ahab’s attempts to silence him, demonstrating the role of true prophecy against falsehood.
• Division of the Monarchy – The split of the united kingdom into Israel and Judah after Solomon’s death, resulting from Solomon’s sins and God’s judgment.

Glossary for the Book of 2 Kings

• Elisha – The successor of Elijah, a prophet who performed many miracles and played a key role in the events of 2 Kings, guiding Israel and Judah through turbulent times.
• Elijah – A major prophet in Israel who is taken up to heaven in a whirlwind, leaving his mantle (cloak) to Elisha, symbolizing the transfer of prophetic authority.
• Ahab – The king of Israel whose dynasty continues to play a role early in 2 Kings; known for his marriage to Jezebel and promotion of Baal worship.
• Jezebel – The wife of Ahab, infamous for her promotion of Baal worship and opposition to Yahweh’s prophets; she meets a violent death in 2 Kings.
• Jehu – A commander in Israel’s army who is anointed king and charged by God to destroy the house of Ahab, leading to a brutal purge of Ahab’s descendants and Baal worshipers.
• Ahaziah of Judah – A king of Judah who reigns briefly and is killed by Jehu as part of Jehu’s campaign to destroy Ahab’s family.
• Athaliah – The mother of Ahaziah, who seizes the throne of Judah after her son’s death and reigns as queen, attempting to exterminate the Davidic line, but is eventually overthrown.
• Joash (Jehoash) of Judah – The son of Ahaziah of Judah, hidden as a child from Athaliah’s massacre and later crowned king, under whose reign the Temple is repaired.
• Hezekiah – A king of Judah noted for his religious reforms and trust in God, particularly during the Assyrian siege of Jerusalem.
• Manasseh – The son of Hezekiah and one of the most wicked kings of Judah, known for reversing his father’s reforms and leading Judah into idolatry.
• Josiah – A reforming king of Judah who rediscovered the Book of the Law, renewed the covenant, and initiated significant religious reforms, removing idolatry from the land.
• Huldah – A prophetess in Jerusalem consulted by King Josiah when the Book of the Law is discovered, confirming God’s judgment on Judah.
• Jehoahaz – A king of Judah who reigns briefly before being deposed by Pharaoh Necho of Egypt.
• Jehoiakim – A king of Judah appointed by Pharaoh Necho, who eventually becomes a vassal of Babylon and is known for his disregard for prophetic warnings.
• Jehoiachin – The son of Jehoiakim who reigns briefly in Judah before being taken captive to Babylon by King Nebuchadnezzar.
• Zedekiah – The last king of Judah, appointed by Nebuchadnezzar, whose rebellion against Babylon leads to the destruction of Jerusalem and the Temple.
• Nebuchadnezzar – The king of Babylon who conquers Jerusalem, destroys the Temple, and takes the people of Judah into exile.
• The Assyrian Empire – A major empire that conquers the northern kingdom of Israel, leading to the exile of the ten tribes and the scattering of Israel.
• The Babylonian Exile – The period of captivity in Babylon that follows the destruction of Jerusalem and the end of the kingdom of Judah.
• Shunammite Woman – A woman who provides hospitality to Elisha and is rewarded with the miraculous birth of a son, who Elisha later revives from death.
• Naaman – The commander of the Aramean army who is healed of leprosy by following Elisha’s instructions to wash in the Jordan River.
• Gehazi – Elisha’s servant who, after greedily accepting gifts from Naaman, is struck with Naaman’s leprosy as a punishment.
• Moabite Stone (Mesha Stele) – An ancient artifact that records the rebellion of Moab against Israel during the time of Ahab, providing context for events in 2 Kings.
• Samaria – The capital of the northern kingdom of Israel, which falls to the Assyrians, marking the end of the kingdom of Israel.
• Jerusalem – The capital of Judah, which is besieged by the Assyrians during Hezekiah’s reign and later destroyed by the Babylonians.
• Mount Carmel – The site where Elijah previously confronted the prophets of Baal, continuing to hold significance as a place of God’s power.
• King’s Highway – An important trade route mentioned in the context of various military campaigns and alliances during the period of 2 Kings.
• The Book of the Law – A scroll, likely containing parts of Deuteronomy, discovered during Josiah’s reign, prompting significant religious reforms in Judah.
• Baal Worship – The worship of the Canaanite god Baal, promoted by Jezebel and Ahab, and vehemently opposed by Elijah, Elisha, and reforming kings like Jehu and Josiah.
• Temple of Solomon – The central place of worship in Jerusalem, built by Solomon and later destroyed by the Babylonians in 586 BCE.
• Chariot of Israel – A phrase used to describe Elijah and later Elisha, symbolizing their role as the spiritual and military guardians of Israel.
• Reforms of Josiah – The religious reforms instituted by King Josiah after the discovery of the Book of the Law, aimed at purifying worship and restoring covenant faithfulness.
• Siege of Jerusalem – The two significant sieges of Jerusalem: one by the Assyrians during Hezekiah’s reign, which fails, and the other by the Babylonians, which results in the city’s destruction.
• Fall of Samaria – The conquest and destruction of Samaria by the Assyrian Empire in 722 BCE, leading to the exile of the northern tribes of Israel.
• Carchemish – The site of a major battle between the Babylonians and Egyptians, marking the rise of Babylon as a dominant power in the region.
• Shalmaneser V – The Assyrian king who begins the siege of Samaria, leading to its fall under his successor, Sargon II.
• Sennacherib – The Assyrian king who invades Judah and besieges Jerusalem during Hezekiah’s reign but is miraculously turned back.
• Exile of Israel – The forced deportation of the ten northern tribes by Assyria, leading to the loss of these tribes, often referred to as the “Lost Tribes of Israel.”
• The Bronze Serpent – A relic from Moses’ time, destroyed by Hezekiah during his reforms as it had become an object of idolatry.
• Babylon – The empire that rises to power after Assyria, eventually conquering Judah and taking its people into exile.

Glossary for the Book of 1 Chronicles

• Adam – The first man, whose genealogy begins the book, tracing the lineage of Israel from the very beginning of human history.
• Seth – The son of Adam through whom the genealogy leading to Noah and eventually to Abraham is traced.
• Noah – The man chosen by God to survive the Flood; his sons (Shem, Ham, and Japheth) are the ancestors of all nations.
• Abraham – The patriarch of Israel, called by God to leave his homeland and given promises of land, descendants, and blessing.
• Isaac – The son of Abraham and Sarah, and the father of Jacob and Esau, through whom the covenant with Abraham continues.
• Jacob (Israel) – The son of Isaac and Rebekah, whose twelve sons become the ancestors of the twelve tribes of Israel.
• Judah – One of Jacob’s sons, through whom the line of kings, including David, descends; Chronicles places a special focus on the tribe of Judah.
• David – The second king of Israel, whose reign is a central focus of 1 Chronicles; he unifies the kingdom and establishes Jerusalem as the capital.
• Jesse – The father of David, from the tribe of Judah, whose lineage is important in Chronicles for establishing David’s royal line.
• Saul – The first king of Israel, whose reign is presented as a prelude to David’s, with emphasis on his failures and rejection by God.
• Jerusalem – The capital city of Israel, established by David as the political and religious center of the nation.
• Ark of the Covenant – The sacred chest representing God’s presence, which David brings to Jerusalem, emphasizing the city’s spiritual significance.
• Levites – The tribe set apart for religious duties, especially related to the Temple; Chronicles gives detailed lists of Levitical genealogies and their roles.
• Priests – Descendants of Aaron, responsible for offering sacrifices and performing other religious duties in the Temple.
• Temple of Solomon – The first permanent temple in Jerusalem, whose planning begins under David but is completed by his son Solomon; central to the religious life of Israel.
• Covenant – The solemn agreement between God and Israel, reaffirmed in Chronicles through the emphasis on Davidic and Mosaic covenants.
• Nathan – A prophet during David’s reign who conveys God’s promises of an enduring dynasty to David, known as the Davidic Covenant.
• Davidic Covenant – The promise made by God to David, guaranteeing that his descendants would rule Israel, with an emphasis on the eternal nature of this promise.
• Jebusites – The original inhabitants of Jerusalem before David conquered the city and established it as Israel’s capital.
• Zion – Another name for Jerusalem, often used to emphasize its spiritual significance as the site of the Temple and God’s dwelling place.
• Gibeon – A significant city where the Tabernacle was located before the Temple was built; Solomon made sacrifices here early in his reign.
• Philistines – A recurring enemy of Israel, whose conflicts with Israel and David are chronicled in detail.
• Mighty Men (Gibborim) – David’s elite warriors who performed great feats of bravery, playing a significant role in establishing and securing his kingdom.
• Joab – David’s nephew and commander of his army, known for his military prowess and loyalty to David, but also for his ruthless actions.
• Asaph – A Levite appointed by David to lead worship; he and his descendants were responsible for singing and playing music in the Temple.
• Obed-Edom – A Levite in whose house the Ark of the Covenant was kept temporarily, and who was blessed by God for his care of the Ark.
• Uzzah – A man who was struck dead by God for touching the Ark of the Covenant when it was being transported to Jerusalem, highlighting the sanctity of the Ark.
• Census of Israel – An event where David orders a census of Israel, which brings divine judgment due to David’s reliance on military strength rather than God.
• Threshing Floor of Araunah – The site purchased by David where he builds an altar to stop a plague; later becomes the site of the Temple.
• Solomon – The son of David and Bathsheba, who becomes king after David; known for his wisdom and the building of the Temple.
• Genealogies – Extensive lists of names that open the book, tracing the lineage of Israel from Adam through the tribes, emphasizing continuity and God’s faithfulness.
• Tribes of Israel – The twelve tribes descended from Jacob’s sons; Chronicles often highlights Judah and Levi due to their roles in kingship and priesthood.
• Cherubim – Angelic beings associated with the presence of God, particularly in the design of the Ark of the Covenant and the Temple.
• High Priest – The chief religious leader in Israel, responsible for performing the most important sacrifices, especially on the Day of Atonement.
• David’s Last Words – A speech or prayer given by David at the end of his life, emphasizing his legacy and the promises of God to his descendants.
• Chronicles of the Kings of Israel and Judah – A reference to historical records mentioned in 1 Chronicles, used by the Chronicler as sources for the narrative.
• Jabez – A figure briefly mentioned in the genealogies, known for his prayer asking God to bless him and expand his territory, and for whom God granted his request.
• Korahites – A Levitical family within the tribe of Levi, responsible for specific duties in the Tabernacle and later in the Temple.
• Abner – Saul’s cousin and commander of his army, who initially opposes David but later supports his kingship before being murdered by Joab.
• Ish-bosheth – Saul’s son who is briefly declared king over Israel after Saul’s death, leading to a civil war with David before his assassination.

Glossary for the Book of 2 Chronicles

• Solomon – The son of David and Bathsheba, who becomes the third king of Israel. His reign is marked by the building of the First Temple in Jerusalem and his legendary wisdom.
• Temple of Solomon – Also known as the First Temple, it was the central place of worship for Israel in Jerusalem, built by Solomon to house the Ark of the Covenant.
• Queen of Sheba – A queen who visits Solomon to test his wisdom with difficult questions, bringing lavish gifts and leaving impressed by his wisdom and wealth.
• Rehoboam – The son of Solomon, whose harsh policies led to the division of the united kingdom into the northern kingdom of Israel and the southern kingdom of Judah.
• Jeroboam – The first king of the northern kingdom of Israel after the division, who led Israel into idolatry by setting up golden calves in Bethel and Dan.
• Division of the Kingdom – The split of the united kingdom of Israel into two separate kingdoms: Israel in the north and Judah in the south, following Solomon’s reign.
• Kingdom of Judah – The southern kingdom, consisting of the tribes of Judah and Benjamin, with Jerusalem as its capital. Chronicles primarily focuses on the kings of Judah.
• Kingdom of Israel – The northern kingdom, made up of the other ten tribes, often led by kings who turned away from God.
• Asa – A king of Judah who instituted significant religious reforms and sought to rid the land of idolatry, but later in his reign, he relied on foreign alliances instead of God.
• Jehoshaphat – A king of Judah known for his piety, his alliance with Ahab of Israel, and his efforts to reform the worship of Yahweh in Judah.
• Athaliah – The mother of Ahaziah of Judah, who seizes the throne after her son’s death and attempts to exterminate the Davidic line, but is overthrown.
• Joash (Jehoash) of Judah – The king who was hidden as a child from Athaliah’s massacre and later became king, noted for repairing the Temple but straying from God later in his reign.
• Hezekiah – A king of Judah known for his religious reforms, restoration of the Temple, and reliance on God during the Assyrian siege of Jerusalem.
• Manasseh – The son of Hezekiah and one of the most wicked kings of Judah, known for promoting idolatry and undoing his father’s reforms, but later repenting.
• Josiah – A king of Judah known for his significant religious reforms, including the destruction of idolatrous practices, after discovering the Book of the Law in the Temple.
• Huldah – A prophetess in Jerusalem during Josiah’s reign, who confirms the authenticity of the Book of the Law and the impending judgment on Judah.
• Uzziah (Azariah) – A king of Judah known for his strong reign and military successes, but who was struck with leprosy for trying to burn incense in the Temple, a duty reserved for priests.
• Ahaz – A king of Judah known for his idolatry and reliance on foreign powers, particularly Assyria, leading Judah into further spiritual decline.
• Zedekiah – The last king of Judah, whose rebellion against Babylon led to the destruction of Jerusalem and the Temple, and the exile of the people to Babylon.
• Nebuchadnezzar – The king of Babylon who conquered Jerusalem, destroyed the Temple, and took the people of Judah into exile.
• Temple Worship – The central focus of Judah’s religious life, including sacrifices, festivals, and the role of the Levites and priests, heavily emphasized in 2 Chronicles.
• Levites – The tribe set apart for religious duties, especially related to the Temple; Chronicles gives detailed accounts of their roles in worship and reforms.
• Priests – Descendants of Aaron, responsible for offering sacrifices and performing other religious duties in the Temple.
• Passover – A significant Jewish festival commemorating the Exodus from Egypt; several kings of Judah are noted for their efforts to celebrate Passover according to the law.
• Covenant – The solemn agreement between God and Israel, often renewed during the reigns of reforming kings in Judah, emphasizing faithfulness to God’s laws.
• Prophetic Ministry – The role of prophets like Isaiah, Huldah, and others who guided, warned, and rebuked the kings of Judah, calling them back to faithfulness.
• Idolatry – The worship of idols or other gods, which was a persistent problem in Judah, leading to several reforms and eventually contributing to the nation’s downfall.
• Reforms of Josiah – The religious reforms instituted by King Josiah, including the removal of idolatry, the restoration of Temple worship, and the renewed celebration of Passover.
• Reforms of Hezekiah – The efforts by King Hezekiah to restore proper worship in the Temple, remove idolatry, and trust in God during times of crisis.
• Assyrian Siege of Jerusalem – The event during Hezekiah’s reign when the Assyrians, under King Sennacherib, besieged Jerusalem, but were miraculously turned back by God.
• Babylonian Exile – The period of captivity in Babylon that follows the destruction of Jerusalem and the end of the kingdom of Judah.
• Genealogies – Extensive lists of names that trace the lineage of Israel from Adam through the tribes, emphasizing the continuity of God’s people.
• The Chronicler – The traditional name given to the author of 1 and 2 Chronicles, who focuses on the history of Judah, the Temple, and God’s covenant promises.
• Solomon’s Wisdom – The extraordinary wisdom given to Solomon by God, demonstrated in his judgments, proverbs, and the building of the Temple.
• Chariots of Fire – Symbolic of divine intervention and power, particularly in the narrative of Elijah, carried over in Chronicles’ portrayal of God’s deliverance.
• Book of the Law – A scroll, likely containing parts of Deuteronomy, discovered during Josiah’s reign, which prompted significant religious reforms.
• The Chronicler’s History – The perspective and focus of the books of 1 and 2 Chronicles, which emphasize the Temple, proper worship, and the Davidic line as central to Israel’s identity.
• Davidic Line – The descendants of David, who ruled over Judah and are emphasized in Chronicles as part of God’s promise of an enduring dynasty.
• Cyrus the Great – The Persian king who conquered Babylon and allowed the Jewish exiles to return to Judah and rebuild the Temple, as foretold by the prophets.
• Final Exile and Return – The culmination of Judah’s disobedience leading to exile in Babylon, and the hope of return and restoration under Cyrus, which sets the stage for the later books of Ezra and Nehemiah.

Glossary for the Book of Ezra

• Ezra – A scribe and priest who played a key role in the spiritual and religious reformation of the Jewish people returning from exile in Babylon. He is the central figure in the second half of the book.
• Cyrus the Great – The Persian king who conquered Babylon and issued a decree allowing the Jewish exiles to return to Judah and rebuild the Temple in Jerusalem.
• Zerubbabel – A descendant of David and the leader of the first group of Jewish exiles returning to Jerusalem under Cyrus’s decree. He oversaw the rebuilding of the Temple’s foundation.
• Temple Rebuilding – The main focus of the early chapters of Ezra, which describes the efforts to rebuild the Temple in Jerusalem after the return from Babylonian exile.
• Second Temple – The temple rebuilt in Jerusalem after the return from exile, which replaces Solomon’s Temple that was destroyed by the Babylonians.
• Artaxerxes I – A Persian king who played a significant role in the later parts of Ezra, issuing a decree that provided Ezra with the authority and resources to restore the Jewish community.
• Darius I – Another Persian king mentioned in Ezra who confirmed the decree of Cyrus and supported the continuation of the Temple rebuilding efforts.
• Haggai – A prophet who, along with Zechariah, encouraged the Jewish people to resume and complete the construction of the Temple after a period of opposition and discouragement.
• Zechariah – A prophet who, alongside Haggai, motivated the Jewish people to rebuild the Temple and delivered messages of hope and future restoration.
• Sanballat – A Samaritan leader who opposed the rebuilding of Jerusalem and the Temple, often associated with efforts to discourage and disrupt the work.
• Samaritans – A group of people living in the region of Samaria who offered to help rebuild the Temple but were rejected by the Jewish leaders, leading to significant opposition.
• Tattenai – The Persian governor of the province “Beyond the River” who questioned the Jews about their authority to rebuild the Temple and reported back to King Darius.
• Nehemiah – Though primarily the central figure in the book of Nehemiah, he is mentioned in relation to the events and context of Ezra, as they worked towards the restoration of Jerusalem.
• Torah – The Law of Moses, which Ezra emphasized in his mission to restore the religious life of the Jewish community after the exile.
• Intermarriage – A major issue addressed by Ezra, where he opposed marriages between Jewish men and foreign women, which he saw as a threat to the religious purity of the community.
• The Altar – The first structure rebuilt by the returning exiles, signifying the renewal of proper worship practices before the full restoration of the Temple.
• Passover – One of the key festivals reinstated after the Temple’s completion, marking the community’s commitment to observing the Law of Moses.
• Shekinah – The divine presence, often associated with the Temple; while not directly mentioned, the rebuilding efforts symbolized the hope for God’s presence to return to Jerusalem.
• Levites – Members of the tribe of Levi, who played a significant role in the rebuilding of the Temple and the reestablishment of proper worship practices.
• Sheshbazzar – A Jewish leader and possibly the same person as Zerubbabel, credited with laying the foundations of the Temple during the early return from exile.
• Opposition to Rebuilding – The various forms of resistance and challenges faced by the Jewish people during the rebuilding of the Temple, including from local inhabitants and officials.
• The Exiles – The Jewish people who were taken into captivity in Babylon and later returned to Judah under the decree of Cyrus and subsequent Persian kings.
• Ezra’s Prayer – A significant prayer in the book where Ezra confesses the sins of the people, particularly regarding intermarriage, and seeks God’s mercy.
• King’s Decree – Refers to the various decrees issued by Persian kings (Cyrus, Darius, Artaxerxes) that allowed and supported the return of the Jewish exiles and the rebuilding of the Temple.
• The Covenant Renewal – The process of reaffirming the Mosaic Covenant, which Ezra led, focusing on obedience to the Torah and the separation from foreign influences.
• Ezra’s Commission – The authority given to Ezra by King Artaxerxes to teach the law of God in Judah and to appoint judges and officials.
• The Book of the Law – Refers to the Torah, which Ezra read to the people, leading to a renewed commitment to follow God’s commandments.
• Temple Dedication – The ceremony that marked the completion of the Second Temple, where sacrifices were offered, and the people celebrated God’s faithfulness.
• The Great Assembly – A gathering led by Ezra where the people publicly confessed their sins, particularly related to intermarriage, and made a covenant to obey the Torah.
• Ezra’s Genealogy – The record of Ezra’s lineage, emphasizing his credentials as a priest and scribe with authority to lead the religious renewal in Judah.

Glossary for the Book of Nehemiah

• Nehemiah – The central figure of the book, a Jewish cupbearer to the Persian king Artaxerxes, who is appointed as governor of Judah and leads the effort to rebuild the walls of Jerusalem.
• Artaxerxes I – The Persian king who grants Nehemiah permission to return to Jerusalem, providing him with resources and authority to rebuild the city’s walls.
• Jerusalem – The capital city of Judah, whose walls and gates had been destroyed; Nehemiah’s primary mission is to rebuild these walls and restore the city’s security and dignity.
• Wall of Jerusalem – The defensive wall surrounding the city, which Nehemiah leads the people in rebuilding despite opposition from surrounding enemies.
• Sanballat – A Samaritan leader who opposes Nehemiah’s efforts to rebuild Jerusalem’s walls, often trying to thwart the work through intimidation and plots.
• Tobiah – An Ammonite official allied with Sanballat, who also opposes Nehemiah’s work and tries to undermine the rebuilding efforts.
• Geshem (Gashmu) – An Arab leader who joins Sanballat and Tobiah in opposing Nehemiah, particularly through threats and attempts to discredit him.
• The Cupbearer – Nehemiah’s position in the Persian court, a trusted role that involved serving the king directly and provided Nehemiah with close access to royal authority.
• The Governor – Nehemiah’s role in Jerusalem, where he is responsible for overseeing the rebuilding of the walls, implementing reforms, and ensuring the city’s defense.
• The People’s Confession – A public act of repentance led by Nehemiah and Ezra, where the people of Judah confess their sins, particularly those related to disobedience of the Law.
• Ezra – A priest and scribe who plays a significant role in the spiritual reformation of the Jewish community, often collaborating with Nehemiah, particularly in teaching the Law.
• The Law of Moses (Torah) – The foundational legal and religious document for the Jewish people, which Ezra reads to the assembly, leading to a renewal of the covenant.
• The Covenant Renewal – The reaffirmation of the Mosaic Covenant by the people of Judah, led by Nehemiah and Ezra, where they commit to following God’s commands.
• Sabbath Observance – A key issue in Nehemiah’s reforms, where he enforces the proper observance of the Sabbath, including restrictions on trade and work.
• Intermarriage – The practice of marrying foreigners, which Nehemiah vehemently opposes as it leads to the dilution of Jewish identity and religious practices.
• The Gates of Jerusalem – Key entry points into the city that Nehemiah rebuilds and secures, symbolizing the restoration of Jerusalem’s strength and independence.
• The Feast of Tabernacles (Sukkot) – A major Jewish festival reintroduced during Nehemiah’s time, celebrating God’s provision during the Israelites’ wilderness wanderings.
• The Levites – Members of the tribe of Levi, who play a central role in the religious life of Judah, including teaching the Law and leading worship in the Temple.
• The Wall Dedication – A significant event where Nehemiah leads the people in dedicating the newly rebuilt wall of Jerusalem with joyful celebration and offerings.
• The Persian Empire – The ruling empire at the time of Nehemiah, under which Judah is a province, and whose support was crucial for Nehemiah’s mission.
• Opposition and Conspiracy – The various plots and threats against Nehemiah and the Jewish people, particularly from Sanballat, Tobiah, and their allies, aimed at stopping the rebuilding work.
• Nehemiah’s Prayer – Nehemiah’s habit of turning to God in prayer throughout his mission, seeking guidance, strength, and protection against opposition.
• The Reading of the Law – An event where Ezra reads the Torah to the assembled people of Judah, leading to widespread repentance and covenant renewal.
• Tithes and Offerings – The financial and material contributions required by the Law to support the Temple, the Levites, and the poor, which Nehemiah reinstitutes.
• Nehemiah’s Reforms – A series of actions taken by Nehemiah to restore proper worship, enforce the Law, and ensure social justice in Judah, including the regulation of the Sabbath and the prevention of mixed marriages.
• The City’s Population – Nehemiah’s efforts to repopulate Jerusalem by bringing people from the surrounding countryside into the city, ensuring its viability and security.
• The Water Gate – One of the gates of Jerusalem where the Law is read to the people, symbolizing the importance of the Word of God in the life of the community.
• The Western Wall – Part of the wall of Jerusalem that Nehemiah rebuilds; today, it is often associated with the Western Wall, a significant site for Jewish prayer.
• Nehemiah’s Leadership – The qualities and actions that define Nehemiah as a leader, including his reliance on prayer, strategic planning, and commitment to God’s commands.
• The Final Reforms – The last set of reforms Nehemiah implements upon returning to Jerusalem after a period of absence, including cleansing the Temple and enforcing the covenant.

Glossary for the Book of Esther

• Esther – The Jewish heroine of the book, originally named Hadassah, who becomes queen of Persia and uses her position to save her people from extermination.
• Mordecai – Esther’s cousin and adoptive father, who uncovers a plot to assassinate the king and later plays a crucial role in saving the Jews from Haman’s plot.
• King Ahasuerus (Xerxes I) – The Persian king during the events of Esther, known for his wealth and power. He chooses Esther as queen after deposing his previous queen, Vashti.
• Haman – The villain of the story, a high-ranking official in the Persian empire who plots to annihilate the Jews after Mordecai refuses to bow to him.
• Vashti – The former queen of Persia who is deposed by King Ahasuerus for refusing to appear before him and his guests at a banquet.
• Purim – The Jewish festival that commemorates the deliverance of the Jews from Haman’s plot, named after the “pur” or lot that Haman cast to determine the date for the massacre.
• Susa (Shushan) – The capital city of the Persian Empire and the setting for much of the Book of Esther, including the king’s palace where Esther lives.
• The King’s Edict – The decree issued by King Ahasuerus, under Haman’s influence, ordering the destruction of all Jews in the Persian Empire.
• The Golden Scepter – A symbol of the king’s favor; when Esther approaches the king uninvited, he extends the golden scepter to her, signaling that she may speak.
• The Banquet – A key motif in the Book of Esther; Esther holds two banquets for the king and Haman, during which she reveals Haman’s plot against the Jews.
• The Gallows – The structure that Haman builds to hang Mordecai, but which ultimately becomes the instrument of Haman’s own execution.
• Lot (Pur) – The method used by Haman to determine the date for the planned massacre of the Jews, which ironically becomes the name of the festival celebrating their deliverance.
• Decree of the Jews’ Defense – After Esther’s intervention, King Ahasuerus issues a new decree allowing the Jews to defend themselves against their enemies on the appointed day.
• Bigthan and Teresh – Two of the king’s eunuchs who plot to assassinate King Ahasuerus; their conspiracy is foiled by Mordecai, leading to his eventual reward.
• The Chronicles of the Kings of Media and Persia – The royal records that the king consults during a sleepless night, where he discovers Mordecai’s earlier service in foiling the assassination plot.
• Royal Robe and Horse – Symbols of honor and recognition in the Persian court; Mordecai is dressed in the king’s robe and paraded on the king’s horse as a reward for his loyalty.
• Hamadan (Ecbatana) – Another city in the Persian Empire; while not the setting of Esther, it is historically associated with the Persian kings and their summer capital.
• Jewish Diaspora – The dispersion of Jews outside of Israel, particularly those living in the Persian Empire during the events of Esther.
• The King’s Eunuchs – Royal attendants who play various roles in the narrative, including delivering messages, guarding the harem, and being involved in palace intrigues.
• Esther’s Fasting – Esther’s request that all the Jews in Susa fast for three days before she approaches the king, reflecting a time of prayer and seeking divine favor.
• The Persian Empire – The vast empire ruled by Ahasuerus, stretching from India to Ethiopia, within which the Jews are dispersed and threatened by Haman’s decree.
• The Harem – The part of the royal palace where the king’s wives and concubines lived; Esther is taken to the harem before being chosen as queen.
• The Royal Crown – The crown that signifies Esther’s official status as queen after she is chosen by King Ahasuerus to replace Vashti.
• Reversal of Fortunes – A key theme in Esther, where the plans of Haman are reversed, leading to the downfall of the enemies of the Jews and the elevation of Mordecai and Esther.
• Hanging of Haman’s Sons – After Haman’s execution, his ten sons are also hanged as part of the Jews’ victory over their enemies, symbolizing the complete destruction of Haman’s lineage.
• Letters to the Provinces – The decrees sent out by couriers across the Persian Empire, first announcing the planned massacre and later authorizing the Jews to defend themselves.
• Mordecai’s Promotion – After Haman’s fall, Mordecai is elevated to a high position in the Persian court, second only to the king, and becomes a protector of the Jews.
• Esther’s Petition – The courageous act of Esther approaching the king without being summoned to request the reversal of Haman’s decree, risking her life for her people.
• Sackcloth and Ashes – Symbols of mourning and repentance; Mordecai wears sackcloth and ashes when he learns of Haman’s decree against the Jews.
• The Citadel of Susa – The fortified palace complex in Susa where much of the narrative takes place, including Esther’s residence and the king’s throne room.

Glossary for the Book of Job

• Job – The central figure of the book, described as a blameless and upright man who endures severe suffering and loss but remains faithful to God.
• Satan – The accuser who challenges Job’s integrity, suggesting that Job is faithful only because of his prosperity, and receives permission from God to test Job.
• The Heavenly Council – A gathering in heaven where the “sons of God” (angels) present themselves before God, and Satan challenges Job’s righteousness.
• Eliphaz the Temanite – One of Job’s three friends who comes to comfort him but ends up arguing that Job’s suffering must be due to some hidden sin.
• Bildad the Shuhite – Another of Job’s friends who insists that Job’s suffering is a result of divine justice and encourages Job to repent.
• Zophar the Naamathite – The third of Job’s friends who asserts that Job’s punishment is actually less than he deserves and urges him to seek God’s forgiveness.
• Elihu – A younger man who speaks after Job’s three friends, offering a different perspective by emphasizing God’s greatness and the idea that suffering can be a form of divine instruction rather than punishment.
• The Behemoth – A powerful creature described in God’s speeches to Job, often interpreted as a symbol of God’s creative power and the incomprehensibility of His ways.
• The Leviathan – A fearsome sea creature also described by God, symbolizing chaos and illustrating God’s control over even the most formidable forces.
• The Whirlwind – The means through which God speaks to Job, revealing His divine wisdom and questioning Job’s understanding of the universe and justice.
• Ashes – Job sits in ashes, a traditional sign of mourning and repentance, as he laments his suffering.
• Job’s Lament – The speeches in which Job curses the day of his birth and questions the reason for his suffering, expressing deep anguish and confusion.
• Retributive Justice – The idea that people get what they deserve, with the righteous being rewarded and the wicked punished, which is challenged and examined throughout the book.
• Theodicy – The philosophical and theological exploration of the problem of evil and suffering in the context of a just and all-powerful God, central to the Book of Job.
• The Patience of Job – A phrase often used to describe Job’s enduring faith and perseverance despite immense suffering, though his story also includes significant questioning and struggle.
• God’s Speeches – The final chapters where God speaks to Job, emphasizing His sovereignty, the vastness of creation, and the limits of human understanding.
• Restoration – The conclusion of the book where God restores Job’s fortunes, giving him twice as much as he had before and blessing him with a new family.
• Job’s Daughters – In the epilogue, Job’s daughters are named (Jemimah, Keziah, and Keren-happuch) and are noted for their beauty and the fact that they receive an inheritance alongside their brothers, which was uncommon in ancient times.
• Divine Silence – The period during which Job and his friends speak without hearing from God, representing the challenge of understanding suffering without direct divine revelation.
• Job’s Friends’ Theological Errors – The incorrect assumptions made by Eliphaz, Bildad, and Zophar about Job’s suffering being due to his sin, which God rebukes at the end of the book.
• Mediator – Job’s longing for an advocate or mediator between himself and God, expressing his desire for someone to bridge the gap between human suffering and divine justice.
• God’s Sovereignty – A key theme in the book, highlighting God’s ultimate authority over creation and His inscrutable wisdom in governing the world.
• Moral Integrity – Job’s consistent claim of innocence and his refusal to curse God or admit to sins he did not commit, which is vindicated by God in the end.
• Divine Mystery – The acknowledgment that human beings cannot fully understand God’s ways or the reasons for suffering, a central message of God’s response to Job.
• The Comforters – A term used to describe Job’s friends, initially coming to comfort him but ultimately causing him more distress by insisting on their flawed understanding of divine justice.
• Vindication – Job’s eventual vindication by God, who declares that Job has spoken rightly about Him, in contrast to his friends who have misrepresented God’s justice.
• Suffering Servant – A concept sometimes associated with Job, as he suffers without cause and yet remains faithful, prefiguring the idea of redemptive suffering in later theological interpretations.
• Job’s Complaint – The section of the book where Job articulates his deep suffering and confusion, questioning the justice of his pain while maintaining his faith.
• Human Limitations – The theme that humans, including Job and his friends, have limited understanding of divine plans and the complexities of the world, emphasized in God’s speeches.

Glossary for the Book of Psalms

• Psalms – A collection of 150 songs, prayers, and poems that express a wide range of human emotions, including praise, lament, thanksgiving, and worship. The Psalms are central to Jewish and Christian liturgies.
• David – The second king of Israel, traditionally credited with writing many of the Psalms, often referred to as the “Sweet Psalmist of Israel.” Seventy-three of the Psalms are attributed to him.
• Asaph – A Levite and one of David’s chief musicians; twelve Psalms are attributed to him and his descendants, known as the Asaphite guild.
• Sons of Korah – A group of Levitical singers and musicians; eleven Psalms are attributed to them, reflecting themes of worship and longing for God.
• Hallelujah – A Hebrew word meaning “Praise the Lord,” commonly used as a call to worship in the Psalms, especially in the “Hallel” Psalms (Psalms 113-118).
• Selah – A mysterious term found throughout the Psalms, likely indicating a pause for reflection or a musical interlude, though its exact meaning is debated.
• Miktam – A term found in the titles of six Psalms (Psalms 16 and 56-60), possibly indicating a particular style or musical term, though its exact meaning is uncertain.
• Maskil – A term appearing in the titles of thirteen Psalms, possibly meaning a didactic or contemplative poem, meant for instruction or meditation.
• Imprecatory Psalms – Psalms that contain prayers for judgment, destruction, or curses upon the psalmist’s enemies, such as Psalms 69 and 109.
• Psalm of Lament – A type of Psalm that expresses sorrow, pleading for God’s intervention in times of distress; many Psalms of Lament end with expressions of trust in God.
• Psalm of Praise – A Psalm that focuses on glorifying God for His attributes, works, and faithfulness, such as Psalms 8, 19, and 150.
• Psalm of Thanksgiving – A Psalm that expresses gratitude to God for His deliverance and blessings, often recounting specific acts of divine help, such as Psalms 30 and 100.
• Psalm of Ascent – A group of fifteen Psalms (Psalms 120-134) sung by pilgrims as they ascended to Jerusalem for the annual feasts.
• Psalm of Wisdom – A Psalm that reflects on the nature of wisdom and the righteous life, often contrasting the fate of the wicked and the righteous, such as Psalms 1 and 37.
• Penitential Psalms – Psalms expressing repentance and seeking forgiveness for sin, including Psalms 6, 32, 38, 51, 102, 130, and 143.
• Messianic Psalms – Psalms that are interpreted as prophetic references to the Messiah, such as Psalms 2, 22, 45, 72, and 110.
• Shepherd Imagery – Used prominently in Psalm 23, where God is depicted as a shepherd who cares for and guides His people.
• Zion – A term used in the Psalms to refer to Jerusalem, the city of God, and a symbol of God’s presence and kingdom.
• Torah Psalm – A Psalm that focuses on the law (Torah) of God, delighting in His commandments and meditating on them, such as Psalm 119.
• Royal Psalms – Psalms that focus on the king, often highlighting the relationship between God and the Davidic monarchy, as seen in Psalms 2, 18, 20, 21, 45, 72, 89, 101, and 144.
• Psalm of Creation – Psalms that celebrate God as the Creator of the universe, reflecting on the beauty and order of creation, such as Psalms 8, 19, and 104.
• Psalm of Trust – A Psalm that expresses confidence in God’s protection and faithfulness, often in the face of adversity, such as Psalms 11, 23, 27, and 46.
• Hallel Psalms – A collection of Psalms (Psalms 113-118) sung during Jewish festivals, particularly Passover, praising God for His deliverance and faithfulness.
• Psalter – Another term for the Book of Psalms, often used in liturgical contexts to refer to the entire collection or specific selections for worship.
• Instruments in the Psalms – Various musical instruments mentioned in the Psalms, including the harp, lyre, trumpet, cymbals, and tambourine, highlighting the role of music in worship.
• Psalms of Remembrance – Psalms that recall God’s past deeds, particularly His deliverance of Israel from Egypt, as a basis for trust in present and future help, such as Psalm 78 and Psalm 105.
• Parallelism – A literary technique used extensively in the Psalms, where two or more lines reflect, contrast, or expand on the same idea, a hallmark of Hebrew poetry.
• Chiasm – A literary structure in some Psalms where themes or phrases are mirrored in a reverse order, emphasizing the central idea, such as in Psalm 8.
• Psalm of Confession – Similar to penitential Psalms, these are focused on acknowledging sin and seeking God’s mercy, with Psalm 51 being the most famous example.
• Imagery of Refuge – A common metaphor in the Psalms where God is depicted as a refuge, fortress, or shelter, offering protection and safety to those who trust in Him.
• Psalms of Royal Enthronement – Psalms that celebrate God’s kingship and sovereignty, often used in coronation ceremonies or celebrations of God’s rule, such as Psalms 93-99.
• Liturgical Psalms – Psalms that were likely used in formal worship settings, possibly during Temple services or pilgrimages, with a focus on communal praise and thanksgiving.
• The Anointed One – Refers to the king in Royal Psalms, who is seen as God’s chosen ruler, and in Messianic interpretations, it points to the coming Messiah.
• The Fear of the Lord – A recurring theme in the Psalms, emphasizing reverence, awe, and obedience to God as the foundation of wisdom and a righteous life.
• Songs of Deliverance – Psalms that celebrate God’s deliverance from enemies, dangers, or distress, often recounting specific acts of salvation, such as Psalms 18, 34, and 40.
• Cosmic Battle Imagery – Used in some Psalms to depict God’s victory over chaotic forces, often symbolized by the defeat of sea monsters or enemies, such as in Psalm 74 and Psalm 89.
• Thanksgiving Offering – An offering of gratitude mentioned in the Psalms, particularly in the context of fulfilled vows or deliverance from distress.
• Invocation – The opening of a Psalm, often calling on God’s name, seeking His presence, or praising His attributes, setting the tone for the rest of the Psalm.
• The Throne of God – Imagery depicting God as the sovereign ruler seated on His throne, often associated with justice, righteousness, and majesty, as in Psalm 47 and Psalm 97.
• Communal Lament – A type of Psalm where the entire community laments a disaster or oppression, seeking God’s intervention and expressing trust in His justice, as seen in Psalm 44 and Psalm 80.

Glossary for the Book of Proverbs

• Proverbs – Short, concise sayings that express general truths or practical wisdom, often based on observation of life and human behavior.
• Solomon – The king of Israel traditionally credited with writing much of the Book of Proverbs. Known for his wisdom, Solomon’s proverbs form the core of this biblical book.
• Wisdom – A central theme in Proverbs, often personified as a woman calling out to be followed. It refers to the skillful and godly way of living that aligns with God’s order and moral principles.
• The Fear of the Lord – A key concept in Proverbs, described as the beginning of wisdom. It means having reverence and awe for God, which leads to obedience and righteous living.
• Folly – The opposite of wisdom, often personified as a woman leading people astray. Folly is characterized by foolishness, lack of moral insight, and disregard for God’s ways.
• The Wise – Individuals who live according to the principles of wisdom, showing prudence, discretion, and fear of the Lord.
• The Fool – A recurring character in Proverbs who rejects wisdom and discipline, living in ignorance and bringing trouble upon himself and others.
• The Simple – Those who are naive or inexperienced, lacking discernment, and easily led astray. Proverbs often warns the simple to seek wisdom and understanding.
• The Scoffer – A person who mocks or ridicules wisdom and instruction, showing contempt for what is good and true.
• The Sluggard – A lazy person who avoids work, leading to poverty and ruin. Proverbs often contrasts the sluggard with the diligent person.
• The Righteous – Those who live in accordance with God’s laws, displaying integrity, honesty, and kindness, and who are often contrasted with the wicked.
• The Wicked – Individuals who live in opposition to God’s ways, characterized by evil actions, deceit, and injustice.
• Discipline – The practice of correction and instruction, often highlighted in Proverbs as essential for gaining wisdom and avoiding folly.
• Understanding – A key aspect of wisdom, involving the ability to discern the true nature of things and to apply knowledge rightly in various situations.
• The Tongue – Frequently mentioned in Proverbs as a powerful instrument for both good and evil, emphasizing the importance of wise and careful speech.
• The Heart – In Proverbs, the heart represents the inner self, including thoughts, desires, and intentions. Wisdom is often described as beginning in the heart.
• Knowledge – Acquiring information and understanding; in Proverbs, knowledge is closely linked with wisdom and the fear of the Lord.
• Diligence – The quality of being hardworking and industrious, often praised in Proverbs as leading to prosperity and success.
• Pride – Considered a dangerous vice in Proverbs, pride is associated with arrogance and self-exaltation, often leading to downfall.
• Humility – The opposite of pride, humility is highly valued in Proverbs as a trait that leads to honor, wisdom, and favor from God.
• The Adulteress – A warning figure in Proverbs, representing the dangers of infidelity and sexual immorality, often leading to destruction.
• The Virtuous Woman – Described in Proverbs 31, this woman embodies wisdom, diligence, and godliness, serving as an ideal model of character and conduct.
• Justice – A key theme in Proverbs, emphasizing fairness, honesty, and righteousness in dealing with others.
• Wealth and Poverty – Frequently discussed in Proverbs, where wealth is seen as a potential blessing from God but also a source of temptation, while poverty is often linked with laziness or injustice.
• Generosity – The practice of giving to others, especially the poor, is praised in Proverbs as a sign of righteousness and is associated with blessing.
• The Path – Used metaphorically in Proverbs to represent the course of one’s life. The wise follow the path of righteousness, while the foolish walk the path of destruction.
• The House – Symbolic in Proverbs of a person’s life and legacy, with wisdom often described as building a strong and lasting house, while folly leads to its collapse.
• Friendship – Proverbs highlights the value of true friendship, characterized by loyalty, honesty, and wise counsel, while warning against bad company that corrupts character.
• Speech – A major theme in Proverbs, with many verses dedicated to the power of words, the importance of truthfulness, and the dangers of gossip and lies.
• Parents and Children – Proverbs emphasizes the role of parents in teaching and disciplining their children, and the responsibility of children to honor and listen to their parents.
• The Way of Life – A term used in Proverbs to describe the path of wisdom, which leads to life, health, and prosperity, in contrast to the way of death, associated with folly and wickedness.
• Righteousness – Acting in accordance with God’s standards; in Proverbs, righteousness leads to life, honor, and stability.
• Honesty – Highly valued in Proverbs, where truthful speech and integrity in dealings are seen as markers of a wise and godly person.
• Industry – The quality of working hard and being productive, often contrasted with laziness, and associated with success and prosperity.
• Fear – While generally seen as negative, fear of the Lord is depicted in Proverbs as the beginning of wisdom, leading to a life of obedience and reverence.
• Contentment – The state of being satisfied with what one has, often contrasted with greed, which leads to trouble and unrest.
• God’s Providence – The belief in God’s active role in the world, guiding and overseeing human affairs, often highlighted in Proverbs as the reason for trusting in Him.
• Integrity – The quality of being honest and having strong moral principles, frequently praised in Proverbs as leading to stability and honor.
• Self-Control – The ability to regulate one’s emotions, desires, and actions, considered a key component of wisdom and necessary for a righteous life.
• Wisdom Literature – The genre of biblical literature that includes Proverbs, characterized by practical advice, moral teachings, and reflections on life and human behavior.

Glossary for the Book of Ecclesiastes

• Ecclesiastes – A book of wisdom literature in the Bible, traditionally attributed to King Solomon, that explores the meaning of life, the nature of human existence, and the pursuit of happiness.
• The Preacher (Qoheleth) – The main speaker or author in Ecclesiastes, often identified with Solomon. The term “Qoheleth” means “teacher” or “assembler,” and the Preacher reflects on life’s complexities and apparent futility.
• Vanity – A central theme in Ecclesiastes, translated from the Hebrew word “hebel,” meaning “breath” or “vapor.” It conveys the fleeting, insubstantial, and sometimes meaningless nature of human endeavors.
• Under the Sun – A phrase used repeatedly in Ecclesiastes to describe life on earth from a purely human perspective, focusing on the temporal and often frustrating aspects of existence.
• Chasing After the Wind – A metaphor in Ecclesiastes for the pursuit of goals that are ultimately elusive or unsatisfying, symbolizing the futility of certain human endeavors.
• Wisdom – While generally valued in Ecclesiastes, wisdom is also critiqued by the Preacher as having limited power to bring lasting fulfillment or meaning in the face of death and the unpredictability of life.
• Folly – The opposite of wisdom, representing foolishness and lack of understanding. Ecclesiastes often contrasts wisdom and folly, though both are shown to have their limitations.
• Time – Ecclesiastes emphasizes the cyclical nature of time, with famous passages like “To everything there is a season” (Ecclesiastes 3:1-8), reflecting on the different times and seasons of life.
• The Fear of God – Despite the Preacher’s reflections on the futility of life, the fear of God is presented as the appropriate response to life’s uncertainties and the foundation for living wisely.
• Death – A major theme in Ecclesiastes, where death is portrayed as the great equalizer that makes much of life’s pursuits seem meaningless, since both the wise and the foolish share the same fate.
• Labor and Toil – The efforts of human work are frequently examined in Ecclesiastes, often seen as burdensome and ultimately futile, yet necessary and sometimes enjoyable in the moment.
• Enjoyment of Life – Ecclesiastes advises finding joy in the simple pleasures of life—eating, drinking, and enjoying one’s work—despite the overall futility of existence.
• Oppression – Ecclesiastes reflects on the injustices and oppressions in the world, lamenting the lack of comfort for the oppressed and the power of the oppressors.
• The House of Mourning – A metaphor in Ecclesiastes, where the Preacher suggests that it is better to go to a house of mourning (a funeral) than a house of feasting, as it prompts reflection on the brevity of life.
• The Day of Death – Seen in Ecclesiastes as better than the day of birth, this reflects the Preacher’s focus on the inevitability of death and the importance of living a meaningful life in light of that reality.
• Wealth – Ecclesiastes discusses the accumulation of wealth, often noting that it does not bring lasting satisfaction and can be lost or left behind after death.
• The Crooked and the Straight – Ecclesiastes uses these terms to describe the realities of life that are beyond human control, emphasizing the limits of human power to change certain outcomes.
• Memory and Forgetting – The Preacher reflects on how even great deeds and people are eventually forgotten, contributing to the sense of futility in human accomplishments.
• Fate – The concept that everyone shares the same fate, particularly death, regardless of wisdom, wealth, or status, is a recurring theme in Ecclesiastes.
• Contentment – Ecclesiastes suggests that contentment with what one has, rather than the endless pursuit of more, is a key to finding some measure of happiness in life.
• The End of the Matter – The final conclusion of Ecclesiastes, where the Preacher advises to fear God and keep His commandments, for this is the whole duty of humanity.
• The Cycle of Life – Ecclesiastes describes life as a series of repetitive cycles—birth, death, planting, harvesting—highlighting the seeming monotony and inevitability of life’s processes.
• The Vanity of Human Wisdom – The Preacher frequently questions the value of human wisdom, noting that while it may provide some advantages, it cannot ultimately prevent death or provide lasting satisfaction.
• The Vanity of Pleasure – The pursuit of pleasure is examined and found wanting, as the Preacher concludes that pleasure, too, is vanity and does not lead to lasting fulfillment.
• The Vanity of Work – The Preacher critiques the toil of work, noting that it often leads to anxiety and is left behind to others who may not value it, further contributing to the sense of life’s futility.
• Eternity in the Hearts of Men – A phrase in Ecclesiastes 3:11, suggesting that humans have an innate sense of the eternal, yet cannot fully grasp God’s plan from beginning to end.
• The Days of Youth – Ecclesiastes encourages remembering God in the days of youth before the difficulties of old age, emphasizing the fleeting nature of life.
• The Silver Cord and Golden Bowl – Poetic imagery used in Ecclesiastes 12 to describe the fragility of life and the approach of death, when these symbols of life are broken.
• The Conclusion – The final summary of Ecclesiastes, which underscores the importance of fearing God and keeping His commandments as the essence of human existence.
• The Teacher’s Observations – The reflections and observations made by the Preacher throughout Ecclesiastes, often based on personal experience and the observation of life’s contradictions.

Glossary for the Book of Song of Solomon

• Song of Solomon (Song of Songs) – A book of the Bible composed of a series of lyrical poems that celebrate romantic love and the beauty of human relationships, often interpreted both literally and allegorically.
• Solomon – Traditionally attributed as the author of the Song of Solomon. Solomon was known for his wisdom and numerous marriages, and his name is associated with the themes of love and romance in the book.
• The Beloved – A term used in the Song of Solomon to refer to the male lover, often interpreted as King Solomon himself or symbolically as a representation of God or Christ in allegorical readings.
• The Shulammite – The female lover in the Song of Solomon, who expresses her deep love and desire for the Beloved. She is often viewed as a symbol of beauty and purity.
• Allegory – A method of interpretation where the Song of Solomon is seen as a symbolic representation of the relationship between God and Israel, or Christ and the Church, rather than just a literal love story.
• Love – The central theme of the Song of Solomon, celebrated as a powerful, passionate, and sometimes overwhelming force between the lovers, often depicted as mutual and intense.
• Beauty – A recurring motif in the Song of Solomon, where the physical beauty of the lovers is described in rich and vivid imagery, often comparing the beloveds to elements of nature.
• Gardens and Vineyards – Symbols frequently used in the Song of Solomon to represent the lovers’ relationship, fertility, and the flourishing of love. The garden often symbolizes a place of intimacy and delight.
• Doves – Birds mentioned in the Song of Solomon, symbolizing peace, purity, and love. The eyes of the Shulammite are compared to doves, highlighting her beauty and gentleness.
• Pomegranates – A fruit often mentioned in the Song of Solomon, symbolizing fertility, love, and desire. The pomegranate’s rich color and many seeds make it a fitting metaphor for love’s abundance.
• Lilies – Flowers frequently mentioned in the Song of Solomon, symbolizing purity, beauty, and the delicate nature of love. The Shulammite is compared to a lily among thorns.
• The Banquet House – A metaphor for the place where love is celebrated and enjoyed. It suggests abundance, joy, and the fulfillment of desires in the context of love.
• The Watchmen – Figures who appear in the Song of Solomon, often representing obstacles or the public scrutiny that the lovers face. They sometimes symbolize societal pressures or challenges to the relationship.
• The Gazelle and the Stag – Animals used in the Song of Solomon to symbolize the swiftness and beauty of love, as well as the longing and pursuit between the lovers.
• Myrrh and Frankincense – Aromatic spices mentioned in the Song of Solomon, symbolizing the fragrance of love and desire. These spices are often associated with luxury and intimacy.
• The King’s Chambers – A place of intimacy and union between the lovers, symbolizing the ultimate expression of love and closeness. It can also be interpreted as a place of honor and favor.
• The Bride and Bridegroom – Terms used to describe the lovers in the Song of Solomon, often interpreted as a symbol of the covenant relationship between God and His people, or Christ and the Church.
• The Daughters of Jerusalem – Characters who appear in the Song of Solomon as a chorus or audience to the love story, often offering commentary or expressing admiration for the lovers.
• The Apple Tree – A tree mentioned in the Song of Solomon, symbolizing love’s sweetness and the protection provided by the Beloved. The apple tree is a place of rest and delight for the lovers.
• Winter and Spring – Seasons mentioned in the Song of Solomon, symbolizing the passing of time and the renewal of love. Spring, in particular, is associated with the blossoming of love and new beginnings.
• The Vineyard – A metaphor for the Shulammite’s love and purity, as well as her body. The vineyard can represent the care and cultivation needed in a loving relationship.
• The Bed of Solomon – A reference to the place where love is consummated, symbolizing the unity and intimacy between the lovers. It can also signify royal splendor and luxury.
• The Song of Songs – The title of the book, meaning “the greatest song,” reflecting its elevated status as a celebration of love, often considered the most sublime of Solomon’s writings.
• Desire – A key theme in the Song of Solomon, representing the longing and attraction between the lovers. Desire is portrayed as a natural and powerful aspect of love.
• The Seal – In the Song of Solomon, love is described as being like a seal on the heart and arm, symbolizing permanence, strength, and the exclusivity of the lovers’ bond.
• Flames of Yah – Refers to the intense and divine nature of love, described as “the very flame of the Lord” (Song of Solomon 8:6), indicating that true love is both powerful and sacred.
• Jealousy – Described in the Song of Solomon as being as cruel as the grave, highlighting the intense and consuming nature of love and desire.
• The Wall and the Towers – Metaphors used in the Song of Solomon to describe the strength and fortitude of the Shulammite, representing her chastity and resilience.
• The Beloved’s Voice – The sound of the Beloved’s voice is eagerly awaited and celebrated by the Shulammite, symbolizing the deep connection and communication between the lovers.
• The Little Foxes – A metaphor for small problems or hindrances that can spoil a relationship if not addressed, representing the need to protect and nurture love.
• The Wedding Procession – A celebratory event in the Song of Solomon, symbolizing the culmination of love and the public recognition of the union between the lovers.
• The Mountains of Bether – A phrase that symbolizes separation or obstacles in the lovers’ relationship, but also the desire to overcome these challenges.
• Allegorical Interpretations – Many traditional interpretations of the Song of Solomon see it as an allegory for God’s love for Israel or Christ’s love for the Church, emphasizing the spiritual dimensions of the text.

Glossary for the Book of Isaiah

• Isaiah – A major prophet in the Old Testament, who prophesied in Judah during the reigns of Uzziah, Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah. His prophecies are known for their depth and the promise of the coming Messiah.
• Prophet – A spokesperson for God, delivering messages of judgment, warning, and hope. Isaiah is one of the most significant prophets in the Hebrew Bible.
• Judah – The southern kingdom of Israel, where Isaiah primarily ministered. His prophecies addressed the kings of Judah and the people, calling them to repentance and faithfulness to God.
• Jerusalem – The capital of Judah and the primary focus of Isaiah’s prophecies. He foretells both its destruction due to sin and its future glory as a center of God’s kingdom.
• The Holy One of Israel – A title frequently used by Isaiah to refer to God, emphasizing His holiness, righteousness, and unique relationship with Israel.
• Messiah – The anointed one, a promised deliverer and king. Isaiah contains numerous prophecies about the coming of the Messiah, who would bring salvation and establish God’s kingdom.
• Immanuel – Meaning “God with us,” this name is given in Isaiah’s prophecy about a virgin bearing a son, which Christians interpret as a reference to the birth of Jesus (Isaiah 7:14).
• Suffering Servant – A key figure in Isaiah’s prophecies (especially in Isaiah 52:13–53:12) who suffers on behalf of others, bearing their sins and bringing healing and redemption.
• Zion – Another name for Jerusalem, often symbolizing the people of God and the place of God’s presence. Isaiah speaks of Zion’s future restoration and peace.
• Remnant – The faithful few who remain loyal to God despite widespread apostasy. Isaiah speaks of a remnant that will survive God’s judgment and be restored.
• The Branch – A messianic title in Isaiah, referring to a future ruler from the line of David who will bring justice and peace (Isaiah 11:1).
• Day of the Lord – A concept in Isaiah referring to a time of divine judgment and salvation. It signifies both immediate judgment on nations and a future eschatological event.
• Oracles Against the Nations – Prophecies found in Isaiah that pronounce judgment on various nations surrounding Israel, including Babylon, Assyria, Moab, and Egypt.
• Assyria – A major empire during Isaiah’s time, which posed a significant threat to Israel and Judah. Isaiah prophesied Assyria’s invasion and God’s eventual judgment on them.
• Babylon – Another major empire that would later conquer Judah and destroy Jerusalem. Isaiah’s prophecies include both the rise of Babylon and its eventual downfall.
• Cyrus – The Persian king prophesied by Isaiah who would conquer Babylon and allow the Jewish exiles to return to Jerusalem (Isaiah 44:28, 45:1).
• Idolatry – A major issue addressed by Isaiah, where he condemns the worship of idols and calls the people to return to the worship of the true God.
• Judgment and Hope – Central themes in Isaiah, where prophecies of judgment on sin are paired with promises of future hope, restoration, and the coming of a new kingdom.
• Vision – Isaiah’s prophetic revelations are often described as visions, which he received from God concerning the fate of Judah, Jerusalem, and the nations.
• Peace – Isaiah frequently speaks of a future time of peace and harmony under the rule of the Messiah, where swords will be turned into plowshares (Isaiah 2:4).
• New Heavens and New Earth – A prophetic vision in Isaiah 65:17-25, foretelling the creation of a renewed world where righteousness dwells and God’s people live in eternal joy.
• Highway of Holiness – A metaphor for the path of righteousness and purity, leading to God’s presence and symbolizing the redeemed’s journey to Zion (Isaiah 35:8).
• The Vineyard – A symbol used by Isaiah to describe Israel, depicting God’s care and Israel’s failure to produce good fruit, leading to judgment (Isaiah 5).
• Ephraim – Another name for the northern kingdom of Israel, often used in Isaiah’s prophecies. Isaiah warns Ephraim of impending judgment due to their unfaithfulness.
• The Book of Comfort – Chapters 40-66 of Isaiah, which focus on themes of comfort, hope, and restoration for Israel after judgment, often seen as a distinct section of the book.
• Hezekiah – The king of Judah during part of Isaiah’s ministry, known for his faithfulness and reforms. Hezekiah’s interactions with Isaiah include the miraculous defeat of the Assyrian army.
• Sheol – The abode of the dead, often mentioned in Isaiah as the destination of those judged by God, symbolizing death and the grave.
• The Everlasting Covenant – A promise of enduring relationship between God and His people, often associated with the coming of the Messiah and the establishment of peace (Isaiah 55:3).
• Mountains – Frequently symbolic in Isaiah, mountains represent places of divine revelation, strength, or judgment. Isaiah foresees a time when all nations will worship on God’s holy mountain.
• Blindness and Deafness – Metaphors used by Isaiah to describe the spiritual state of Israel, indicating their inability to see and hear God’s truth.
• The Coastlands – Refers to distant nations and peoples, often used in Isaiah’s prophecies to signify the far-reaching scope of God’s salvation and judgment.
• The Year of Jubilee – A concept in Isaiah 61:1-2, which speaks of the coming Messiah proclaiming liberty to captives, echoing the themes of the Jubilee year of release and restoration.
• Comfort, Comfort My People – A phrase from Isaiah 40:1, signaling the shift from judgment to consolation, where God promises to restore and bless His people.
• Light to the Nations – A theme in Isaiah where Israel is called to be a light to the Gentiles, showing God’s salvation to the ends of the earth (Isaiah 42:6).
• The Servant Songs – Four poems in Isaiah (Isaiah 42:1-9; 49:1-6; 50:4-9; 52:13–53:12) that describe the Servant of the Lord, who brings justice, suffers, and redeems.
• The Highway of the Lord – A metaphor for the preparation of the way for God’s coming, symbolizing repentance and the clearing away of obstacles to God’s presence (Isaiah 40:3).
• Garments of Salvation – Symbolic clothing representing righteousness and divine favor, described in Isaiah 61:10 as the adornment of God’s people.
• The Wolf and the Lamb – Imagery in Isaiah 11:6 and 65:25 depicting peace and harmony in God’s future kingdom, where natural enemies live together in peace.
• God’s Anointed – Refers to the Messiah, the chosen one empowered by God’s Spirit to bring justice, peace, and salvation to Israel and the nations.
• The Potter and the Clay – A metaphor used by Isaiah to illustrate God’s sovereignty over His creation, emphasizing His right to shape and direct His people as He wills (Isaiah 64:8).

Glossary for the Book of Jeremiah

• Jeremiah – The prophet after whom the book is named, often called the “weeping prophet” due to his lamentations over Judah’s sins and coming judgment. He ministered during the last days of Judah before the Babylonian exile.
• Prophet – A messenger chosen by God to deliver His word to the people, often including warnings, calls to repentance, and future promises. Jeremiah was one such prophet, speaking to Judah and the nations.
• Judah – The southern kingdom of Israel, where Jeremiah prophesied. Jeremiah warned of its impending destruction due to the people’s unfaithfulness to God.
• Jerusalem – The capital city of Judah, central to Jeremiah’s prophecies. Jeremiah foretold its destruction by the Babylonians and the exile of its inhabitants.
• Babylon – The empire that would conquer Judah, destroy Jerusalem, and take many of its people into exile. Babylon plays a significant role in Jeremiah’s prophecies as an instrument of God’s judgment.
• Nebuchadnezzar – The king of Babylon who besieged and destroyed Jerusalem, carrying many Jews into exile. He is mentioned several times in Jeremiah as God’s servant used to bring judgment.
• The Temple Sermon – A significant event where Jeremiah delivers a message at the Temple in Jerusalem, condemning the people’s false security in the Temple and their superficial worship (Jeremiah 7).
• Covenant – The solemn agreement between God and Israel, emphasizing faithfulness and obedience. Jeremiah condemns Judah for breaking the covenant and promises a new covenant in the future.
• The New Covenant – A promise of a future covenant where God’s law will be written on the hearts of the people, offering forgiveness of sins and a restored relationship with God (Jeremiah 31:31-34).
• The Potter’s House – A metaphor used by Jeremiah to illustrate God’s sovereignty over Israel, where God is the potter and Israel is the clay, subject to God’s shaping and judgment (Jeremiah 18).
• The Yoke – A symbol Jeremiah uses to represent submission to Babylon’s rule. He wears a yoke to illustrate that Judah must submit to Babylon’s dominance as part of God’s plan (Jeremiah 27).
• Exile – The forced removal of the people of Judah to Babylon, a central theme in Jeremiah, who foretells this judgment as a consequence of their disobedience and idolatry.
• Lamentations – A book traditionally attributed to Jeremiah, expressing grief over the fall of Jerusalem. Jeremiah is known for his laments, expressing deep sorrow for his people’s suffering.
• False Prophets – Religious leaders who contradicted Jeremiah’s messages, promising peace and security instead of the impending judgment. Jeremiah condemns them for leading the people astray.
• Pashhur – A priest and chief officer in the Temple who opposes Jeremiah, having him beaten and put in stocks. He represents the religious opposition to Jeremiah’s prophetic message (Jeremiah 20).
• The Weeping Prophet – A nickname for Jeremiah, reflecting his deep emotional response to the sins of his people and the suffering that would result from God’s judgment.
• Zedekiah – The last king of Judah, who ruled during the time of Jeremiah and witnessed the fall of Jerusalem. He wavered in his response to Jeremiah’s counsel and ultimately rebelled against Babylon.
• Baruch – Jeremiah’s scribe who recorded his prophecies and assisted in his ministry. Baruch also faced opposition and shared in the sufferings of Jeremiah.
• The Field at Anathoth – A symbolic act where Jeremiah buys a field in his hometown, Anathoth, to demonstrate his faith in God’s promise of future restoration, despite the impending exile (Jeremiah 32).
• The Scroll – Jeremiah’s written prophecies, which King Jehoiakim infamously cuts up and burns. Jeremiah rewrites the scroll with added judgments, demonstrating the persistence of God’s word (Jeremiah 36).
• Ebed-Melech – An Ethiopian eunuch in King Zedekiah’s court who helps rescue Jeremiah from a cistern, showing loyalty and compassion to the prophet (Jeremiah 38).
• The Rechabites – A family group known for their obedience to ancestral commands, whom Jeremiah uses as an example of faithfulness contrasted with Judah’s disobedience (Jeremiah 35).
• Gilead and the Balm – A metaphor in Jeremiah 8:22, referring to a healing balm from Gilead. Jeremiah uses it to question why there is no healing for the spiritual sickness of his people.
• The Cup of Wrath – A symbol used by Jeremiah to represent God’s impending judgment on Judah and the nations, depicted as a cup filled with the wrath of God that they must drink (Jeremiah 25).
• The Shepherds – A term used metaphorically to describe the leaders of Judah, whom Jeremiah condemns for their failure to lead the people rightly, resulting in judgment and exile.
• The Figs – A vision in Jeremiah 24 where good and bad figs represent those who will survive the exile and those who will face destruction, symbolizing hope for the future and judgment.
• Jehoiakim – A king of Judah known for his rebellion against Babylon and his opposition to Jeremiah’s prophecies, including the burning of the prophet’s scroll.
• Jehoiachin – Also known as Coniah, a king of Judah taken captive to Babylon. Jeremiah prophesies that none of his descendants will sit on the throne of David.
• The 70 Years – The period of exile in Babylon prophesied by Jeremiah, after which God promises to bring His people back to their land (Jeremiah 25:11-12, 29:10).
• The Branch of Righteousness – A messianic prophecy in Jeremiah 23:5-6 and 33:15-16, foretelling a righteous descendant of David who will reign justly and bring salvation.
• Egypt – A nation often mentioned in Jeremiah, representing false security. Jeremiah warns against alliances with Egypt and predicts its defeat.
• Moab, Ammon, Edom – Neighboring nations of Israel and Judah, against whom Jeremiah delivers oracles of judgment, predicting their downfall due to their hostility toward God’s people.
• Jeremiah’s Imprisonment – Due to his prophecies, Jeremiah faces imprisonment and persecution, including being thrown into a cistern, reflecting the rejection of God’s message by Judah’s leaders.
• Jeremiah’s Confessions – Personal prayers and laments found throughout the book, where Jeremiah expresses his struggles, frustrations, and deep sorrow over his prophetic mission and the people’s response.
• The Land of the North – A phrase often used in Jeremiah to refer to the direction from which invaders (like Babylon) would come, bringing judgment upon Judah.
• God’s Divorce Decree – A metaphor used by Jeremiah to describe God’s rejection of Israel (the northern kingdom) due to their unfaithfulness, serving as a warning to Judah.
• God’s Everlasting Love – Despite the heavy themes of judgment, Jeremiah also emphasizes God’s enduring love for His people and His commitment to restore and renew them.
• The Lion from the Thicket – A metaphor used to describe the coming judgment, where God is portrayed as a lion emerging from His hiding place to attack His prey (Jeremiah 4:7).
• Cisterns, Broken Cisterns – Symbolic language used by Jeremiah to describe Israel’s abandonment of God (the source of living water) for false gods, likened to broken cisterns that hold no water (Jeremiah 2:13).
• Hope and Restoration – While the Book of Jeremiah is filled with warnings of judgment, it also contains prophecies of hope, where God promises to bring His people back from exile and renew the covenant.

Glossary for the Book of Lamentations

• Lamentations – A book in the Old Testament consisting of five poems lamenting the destruction of Jerusalem and the suffering of its people following the Babylonian conquest. Traditionally attributed to the prophet Jeremiah.
• Jeremiah – The prophet traditionally believed to be the author of Lamentations. Known as the “weeping prophet,” Jeremiah lamented the fall of Jerusalem and the suffering of the people of Judah.
• Jerusalem – The capital city of Judah, whose destruction by the Babylonians is the central event lamented in the book. Jerusalem’s devastation symbolizes the loss of national identity and religious life for the Jewish people.
• Zion – Another name for Jerusalem, often used poetically in Lamentations to evoke the city’s religious significance and the pain of its desolation.
• Babylonian Exile – The period of Jewish history when many inhabitants of Judah were taken captive to Babylon after the fall of Jerusalem in 586 BCE. The exile is a direct backdrop to the laments in the book.
• Babylon – The empire that conquered Judah, destroyed Jerusalem, and took many of its inhabitants into exile. Babylon is portrayed as the instrument of God’s judgment on Judah.
• Nebuchadnezzar – The Babylonian king who led the siege of Jerusalem, ultimately destroying the city and the Temple, and deporting many of the Jews to Babylon.
• Temple – The center of Jewish worship in Jerusalem, destroyed by the Babylonians. Its destruction is a profound theme in Lamentations, symbolizing the loss of God’s presence and favor.
• Lament – A passionate expression of grief and sorrow, the primary genre of the Book of Lamentations. Each poem expresses deep mourning over the destruction of Jerusalem and the suffering of its people.
• Dirge – A type of mournful song or lament for the dead, which characterizes the tone of Lamentations, echoing the sorrow over the death of the city and its people.
• Acrostic Poems – A poetic structure used in Lamentations, where each verse or section begins with successive letters of the Hebrew alphabet. This structure is found in chapters 1, 2, 3, and 4.
• Daughter of Zion – A personification of Jerusalem as a woman, used to express the city’s suffering, shame, and loss. This image is prominent in the poetic language of Lamentations.
• Famine – A severe consequence of the Babylonian siege, leading to extreme hunger and suffering in Jerusalem, vividly described in the book’s laments.
• Covenant – The solemn agreement between God and Israel, which Lamentations reflects upon, highlighting how the breaking of this covenant led to the city’s destruction and suffering.
• God’s Wrath – A theme in Lamentations, where the suffering of Jerusalem is understood as the result of God’s anger against the sins of His people.
• Sin and Repentance – Lamentations attributes the suffering of Jerusalem to the sins of the people and calls for repentance, acknowledging that the destruction is a just consequence of disobedience.
• Hope and Restoration – Despite the deep sorrow, Lamentations also contains elements of hope, particularly in chapter 3, which speaks of God’s faithfulness and the possibility of restoration.
• Compassion – A key concept in Lamentations 3:22-23, where the poet reflects on the Lord’s mercies and compassion, which are renewed every morning, offering a glimmer of hope amidst suffering.
• God’s Faithfulness – Highlighted in Lamentations 3:22-23, where the poet recalls that despite the severe judgment, God’s faithfulness and love remain, providing a foundation for hope.
• Weeping and Mourning – Central actions in the book, reflecting the profound grief over the loss of Jerusalem. The imagery of weeping underscores the depth of sorrow experienced by the community.
• The Watchmen – Figures mentioned in Lamentations who fail to protect the city, symbolizing the helplessness and failure of the city’s leaders to prevent disaster.
• The Walls of Jerusalem – Once symbols of strength and protection, the breached walls in Lamentations signify the vulnerability and defeat of the city.
• Children and Infants – Lamentations frequently mentions the suffering of the most vulnerable, including children and infants, highlighting the extent of the tragedy.
• Widows and Orphans – Symbolic of the desolation and loss experienced by the people of Jerusalem. Their plight is a focus of the laments, underscoring the breakdown of social and familial structures.
• Tears – A recurring image in Lamentations, symbolizing the grief and mourning of the people. The tears of the prophet and the people reflect the depth of their sorrow.
• The Enemy – Refers to the Babylonians who have conquered and devastated Jerusalem. The enemy’s triumph is a source of deep lamentation in the book.
• The City Gate – Once a place of gathering and decision-making, the city gates are now deserted and in ruins, symbolizing the loss of community life and order.
• The Chastisement of the Lord – A theme in Lamentations where the suffering of Jerusalem is understood as corrective discipline from God, meant to lead the people back to Him.
• Desolation – The state of Jerusalem after the Babylonian conquest, characterized by emptiness, destruction, and the absence of joy and normal life.
• Deserted Streets – The once bustling streets of Jerusalem are now empty and desolate, symbolizing the complete disruption of social and economic life.
• Public Shame – Lamentations often mentions the humiliation of Jerusalem, likening it to a woman exposed and shamed, reflecting the deep disgrace of the conquered city.
• The Rod of God’s Anger – A metaphor for God’s judgment, depicted as a rod or weapon used to chastise His people for their disobedience and rebellion.
• The Bread of Mourning – Food eaten in mourning, symbolizing the constant grief and lamentation experienced by the people of Jerusalem during and after the siege.
• Silence and Solitude – Images used to describe the aftermath of Jerusalem’s fall, highlighting the absence of life, sound, and activity in the once vibrant city.
• God’s Presence – The perceived absence of God’s presence is a source of deep lament, as Jerusalem’s destruction is seen as a sign that God has withdrawn His favor and protection.
• Despair and Anguish – Emotions that pervade the Book of Lamentations, capturing the hopelessness and intense pain felt by the survivors of Jerusalem’s fall.
• The Broken Covenant – A key reason for Jerusalem’s destruction, as Lamentations reflects on the people’s failure to uphold their covenant with God, leading to divine retribution.
• Healing and Restoration – Despite the dominant themes of lament and judgment, Lamentations holds out a hope for healing and restoration, looking to God’s mercy and faithfulness.
• The Poet’s Lament – Refers to the voice of the narrator in Lamentations, who expresses personal grief, sorrow, and empathy for the suffering of Jerusalem and its people.
• The Call to Remember – Lamentations urges the people to remember their suffering and the causes of their downfall, as a way to inspire repentance and return to God.

Glossary for the Book of Ezekiel

• Abominations – Actions and practices that are detestable to God, especially related to idolatry and unfaithfulness.
• Babylon – The empire that conquered Jerusalem and took the people of Judah into exile, during which Ezekiel prophesied.
• Cherubim – Angelic beings often depicted as guardians of God’s holiness and presence, described with multiple faces and wings in Ezekiel’s vision.
• Dry Bones – Symbolic of the spiritual restoration of Israel, featured in a vision where dead bones are brought to life, representing the nation’s revival.
• Elders of Israel – The leaders who sought guidance from Ezekiel, often rebuked for leading the people astray into idolatry and false worship.
• Exile – The forced removal of the Israelites from their land to Babylon, a central event in Ezekiel’s prophetic messages.
• False Prophets – Individuals who claimed to speak for God but misled the people with false assurances of peace and security.
• Gog and Magog – Representing powerful enemies that would rise against God’s people in the future, culminating in their ultimate defeat.
• Glory of the Lord – The visible manifestation of God’s presence, often depicted as departing from the temple due to Israel’s disobedience.
• Heart of Stone – A metaphor for the stubbornness and hard-heartedness of the Israelites, which God promises to replace with a new heart of flesh.
• Idolatry – The worship of false gods and idols, condemned throughout Ezekiel’s prophecies as a key reason for Israel’s judgment.
• Lamentation – A poem or song expressing sorrow, often used by Ezekiel to mourn the fate of Israel and other nations.
• New Heart/New Spirit – God’s promise to renew the hearts of His people, enabling them to follow Him in faithfulness and obedience.
• Oholah and Oholibah – Allegorical names used to represent Samaria (Oholah) and Jerusalem (Oholibah), symbolizing their unfaithfulness to God.
• Prophecy – Divine messages delivered by Ezekiel, often foretelling judgment and calling the people to repentance.
• Remnant – The small group of Israelites who would survive the judgment and exile, to be restored and renewed by God.
• Shepherds of Israel – A metaphor for the leaders of Israel, particularly the kings and priests, who were criticized for failing to care for the people.
• Temple Vision – Ezekiel’s vision of a future temple, symbolizing the restoration of Israel and God’s renewed presence among His people.
• Watchman – A role assigned to Ezekiel, where he is tasked with warning the people of impending judgment, acting as a spiritual lookout.
• Zion – Another name for Jerusalem, often representing the dwelling place of God and the spiritual center of Israel.

Glossary for the Book of Daniel

• Ancient of Days – A title for God, symbolizing His eternal reign and authority, depicted in Daniel’s vision as a wise and powerful figure seated on a throne.
• Aramaic – A language spoken in parts of the Middle East during the time of Daniel. Portions of the Book of Daniel (chapters 2-7) are written in Aramaic.
• Belshazzar – The last king of Babylon, who saw the writing on the wall predicting the fall of his kingdom.
• Darius the Mede – A ruler of Babylon after its conquest by the Medes and Persians. Daniel served under him after the fall of Babylon.
• Daniel – The main character of the book, a prophet and advisor to kings, known for his faithfulness to God in the face of persecution.
• Fiery Furnace – A punishment that Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego faced for refusing to worship King Nebuchadnezzar’s golden image. They were miraculously saved from the flames.
• Gabriel – An angel who appears in the Book of Daniel to deliver messages and visions, including the prophecy of the 70 weeks.
• Golden Image – A large statue built by King Nebuchadnezzar, which he commanded all people to worship under penalty of death.
• Handwriting on the Wall – A supernatural event during the reign of Belshazzar, in which a mysterious hand wrote a message on the wall predicting the fall of Babylon.
• Lion’s Den – The place where Daniel was thrown for continuing to pray to God, despite a decree banning prayer to anyone but the king. God protected him from harm.
• Medo-Persian Empire – The empire that conquered Babylon and under which Daniel continued to serve in a high position of authority.
• Michael – An archangel mentioned in the Book of Daniel, described as the protector of Israel.
• Nebuchadnezzar – The king of Babylon who had dreams interpreted by Daniel and later decreed that only the God of Israel should be worshipped after witnessing God’s power.
• Persia – The kingdom that, along with the Medes, overthrew Babylon and established the Medo-Persian Empire, under which Daniel served.
• Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego – Three Jewish men who, like Daniel, were taken into captivity and rose to prominence in Babylon. They were thrown into the fiery furnace for refusing to worship the king’s image but were saved by God.
• Seventy Weeks – A prophetic vision delivered to Daniel, often interpreted as a timeline for significant events in Israel’s history and the coming of the Messiah.
• Son of Man – A figure in Daniel’s vision, who comes with the clouds of heaven and is given authority, glory, and sovereign power. Often interpreted as a reference to the Messiah.
• The Little Horn – A symbol of a future oppressive ruler who rises from the fourth beast in Daniel’s visions, often associated with a future period of persecution.
• The Four Beasts – Symbolic creatures in Daniel’s vision, each representing different empires or kingdoms that rise and fall in history.
• The Ram and the Goat – Symbols in Daniel’s vision that represent the Medo-Persian Empire (ram) and the Greek Empire (goat), with the goat’s horn symbolizing Alexander the Great.

Glossary for the Book of Hosea

• Adultery – Used symbolically in Hosea to represent Israel’s unfaithfulness to God through idolatry and alliances with foreign nations.
• Baal – A pagan god worshipped by the Canaanites, and one of the main idols that the Israelites turned to, forsaking their covenant with God.
• Bethel – A significant religious site in Israel that became associated with idolatrous worship practices during the time of Hosea.
• Covenant – The sacred agreement between God and Israel, which Israel repeatedly broke through idolatry and disobedience, as highlighted in Hosea’s prophecies.
• Ephraim – One of the tribes of Israel, often used in Hosea as a representative name for the northern kingdom of Israel.
• Gomer – The wife of Hosea, whose unfaithfulness symbolizes Israel’s spiritual adultery in turning away from God.
• Harlotry/Prostitution – A metaphor used extensively in Hosea to describe Israel’s spiritual unfaithfulness by worshipping other gods.
• Hesed (Loving-kindness) – God’s covenantal love and faithfulness, which remains steadfast despite Israel’s repeated unfaithfulness.
• Idolatry – The worship of idols and false gods, which was a major sin that Hosea condemned as the root cause of Israel’s downfall.
• Israel – The northern kingdom, whose sins of idolatry and social injustice Hosea addresses, warning them of the coming judgment.
• Jezreel – The name of Hosea’s son, symbolizing the coming judgment upon Israel. The name refers to the Valley of Jezreel, where significant battles and bloodshed occurred.
• Judgment – The divine punishment that Hosea warns will come upon Israel for their sins, particularly their idolatry and covenant-breaking.
• Knowledge of God – A recurring theme in Hosea, emphasizing that true worship of God requires knowing Him deeply, not just performing rituals.
• Lo-Ammi – The name of Hosea’s third child, meaning “Not My People,” symbolizing God’s rejection of Israel because of their disobedience.
• Lo-Ruhamah – The name of Hosea’s second child, meaning “Not Pitied” or “No Mercy,” signifying God’s withdrawal of compassion from Israel.
• Mercy – A central theme in Hosea, where God’s willingness to forgive and restore Israel despite their sins is repeatedly emphasized.
• Northern Kingdom – The kingdom of Israel, also called Ephraim, to whom Hosea’s prophecies were primarily directed.
• Repentance – The act of turning away from sin and returning to God, which Hosea continually calls Israel to do.
• Spiritual Adultery – A metaphor for Israel’s unfaithfulness to God by worshipping idols and engaging in alliances with other nations, rather than trusting in God alone.
• Unfaithfulness – A key theme in Hosea, both in the prophet’s personal life (through his wife Gomer) and in Israel’s relationship with God.

Glossary for the Book of Joel

• Army of Locusts – A devastating swarm of locusts described in Joel, symbolizing God’s judgment on Israel for their sins and possibly representing an invading army.
• Day of the Lord – A central theme in Joel, referring to a future time of divine judgment and salvation when God will intervene dramatically in human history.
• Fasting – A spiritual practice that Joel calls the people to engage in as a sign of repentance and mourning in the face of impending judgment.
• Holy Mountain – Refers to Mount Zion in Jerusalem, symbolizing God’s holy presence and the future place of His reign in the messianic age.
• Judgment – The divine punishment that Joel warns will come upon the people if they do not repent, symbolized by the locust plague and other natural disasters.
• Lament – A form of deep sorrow and mourning that Joel calls the people to express in response to the locust devastation and the approaching Day of the Lord.
• Locusts – In Joel, the locusts are both a literal plague and a symbolic representation of a future invading army that will bring destruction to Israel.
• Mourning – Joel urges the people to mourn their sins and the devastation brought by the locusts as part of their repentance before God.
• Outpouring of the Spirit – A prophecy in Joel that, in the last days, God will pour out His Spirit on all people, leading to visions, dreams, and prophecy.
• Plague – The swarm of locusts is described as a plague sent by God, representing both physical destruction and spiritual consequences for Israel’s disobedience.
• Priests – The religious leaders of Israel, whom Joel calls to lead the people in repentance and mourning before God at the temple.
• Repentance – A key call in Joel’s message, urging the people to return to God with fasting, weeping, and wholehearted devotion to avoid impending judgment.
• Restoration – God’s promise in Joel to restore the land and bless His people after they have repented and turned back to Him.
• Temple – The center of religious life in Israel, where Joel calls the people to gather for fasting and prayer in response to the locust plague and the coming Day of the Lord.
• The Valley of Decision – A symbolic location where Joel envisions the nations being judged by God, marking the final decision or verdict on their fate.
• The Valley of Jehoshaphat – A symbolic location used by Joel to describe the place where God will gather and judge the nations in the end times.
• The Vine and the Fig Tree – Symbols of Israel’s prosperity, which are destroyed by the locusts in Joel’s prophecy, representing the devastation caused by God’s judgment.
• Trumpet – Joel calls for the blowing of the trumpet in Zion as a signal of the coming Day of the Lord and a call to repentance.
• Wine and Grain – Key agricultural products of Israel, whose destruction in the locust plague symbolizes the economic and spiritual crisis brought by God’s judgment.
• Zion – The holy hill in Jerusalem, which represents God’s dwelling place and the center of His future reign in the messianic kingdom.

Glossary for the Book of Amos

• Amos – The prophet who delivered God’s message of judgment to the northern kingdom of Israel. He was a shepherd and fig farmer from Judah.
• Bethel – A city in the northern kingdom of Israel that was a center for idolatrous worship, condemned by Amos for its corruption and false religious practices.
• Cows of Bashan – A metaphor used by Amos to describe the wealthy women of Samaria, who oppressed the poor and lived in luxury while ignoring justice.
• Day of the Lord – A theme in Amos, referring to a future day of divine judgment against Israel and the nations for their sins, often seen as a time of darkness and destruction.
• Earthquake – A significant event mentioned by Amos, symbolizing the shaking of the foundations of society and God’s impending judgment.
• Exile – The punishment foretold by Amos, where the Israelites would be taken from their land and sent into captivity for their continued disobedience and oppression of the poor.
• Famine of God’s Word – A prophecy from Amos indicating a time when people will seek but not find God’s word or guidance, symbolizing spiritual desolation.
• Justice – A central theme in Amos, where God calls for true justice in society, condemning Israel for neglecting the poor, engaging in corrupt practices, and perverting justice.
• Israel – The northern kingdom, which Amos primarily addresses, accusing them of idolatry, social injustice, and complacency.
• Judgment – The overarching theme of Amos’s message, where he foretells the downfall of Israel and other nations for their sins, especially their failure to uphold justice and righteousness.
• Locusts – One of the visions given to Amos, representing a coming disaster that could devour the land, but God shows mercy by relenting.
• Plumb Line – A tool used to measure whether a wall is straight, symbolizing God’s standard of righteousness and justice by which He will judge Israel’s moral corruption.
• Remnant – A small group of people who will survive God’s judgment. Though Amos prophesies destruction, he also hints at the hope of a future restoration for those who remain faithful.
• Righteousness – A concept central to Amos’s message, emphasizing the need for moral integrity and ethical behavior in line with God’s standards.
• Samaria – The capital city of the northern kingdom of Israel, often condemned by Amos for its wealth, corruption, and idolatry.
• Social Injustice – A key issue addressed by Amos, as the prophet condemns the mistreatment of the poor, bribery, and the oppression of vulnerable members of society by the wealthy elite.
• Sovereign Lord – A title for God used frequently by Amos, emphasizing God’s authority over all nations and His power to enact judgment.
• The Lion’s Roar – A metaphor in Amos for God’s prophetic warnings and judgment. Just as the roar of a lion provokes fear, God’s word through Amos signals imminent judgment.
• The Nations – Amos speaks not only to Israel but also to the surrounding nations, declaring God’s judgment on them for their violence, cruelty, and injustice.
• The Poor – A group often defended by Amos, who condemns Israel’s exploitation and neglect of the poor, calling for justice and mercy toward them.
• Transgressions – Sins or acts of rebellion against God, which Amos repeatedly calls out, particularly the sins of Israel and surrounding nations.
• Vineyards – A symbol of prosperity in the agricultural society of Israel, but Amos uses it to point out the unjust acquisition of land and wealth by the elite, who built vineyards while oppressing the poor.
• Visions of Amos – Amos received several visions from God, including locusts, fire, a plumb line, and ripe fruit, all symbolizing various aspects of impending judgment and the moral state of Israel.
• Woe Oracles – A type of prophetic pronouncement of disaster and judgment, used by Amos to condemn the self-satisfied and complacent in Israel, warning them of coming destruction.
• Zion – The location of Jerusalem, used in contrast with Samaria and the northern kingdom to emphasize the true center of God’s worship and future restoration.
• Zion – The location of Jerusalem, used in contrast with Samaria and the northern kingdom to emphasize the true center of God’s worship and future restoration.

Glossary for the Book of Obadiah

• Edom – A nation descended from Esau, the brother of Jacob (Israel). The Book of Obadiah is primarily a prophecy against Edom for their hostility toward Israel.
• Esau – The ancestor of the Edomites, often used symbolically in Obadiah to represent the nation of Edom and their long-standing enmity with Israel.
• Mount Esau – A reference to the mountainous region where the Edomites lived. In Obadiah, it symbolizes Edom’s pride and their eventual downfall.
• Mount Zion – The hill in Jerusalem representing the dwelling place of God and the center of His kingdom. Obadiah contrasts Mount Zion’s future restoration with Edom’s destruction.
• Day of the Lord – A key theme in Obadiah, referring to the time of God’s judgment, not only on Edom but also on all nations for their sins.
• Pride – A major sin for which Edom is condemned in Obadiah. The Edomites believed their mountain strongholds made them invincible, but God promises to bring them low.
• Violence against Jacob – A central accusation in Obadiah, where Edom is condemned for their violence against the descendants of Jacob (Israel), especially during times of crisis.
• Gloating – Edom is criticized in Obadiah for gloating over Israel’s misfortune, specifically when Jerusalem was attacked, and they did nothing to help.
• The Nations – In Obadiah, God’s judgment extends beyond Edom to include all nations that have acted unjustly, particularly in their treatment of Israel.
• Refugees – Obadiah condemns Edom for blocking the escape of Jewish refugees during attacks on Jerusalem, preventing them from fleeing to safety.
• Retribution – A key theme in Obadiah, where God promises that the actions Edom took against Israel will be repaid upon their own heads, reflecting the principle of divine justice.
• Judgment – The overarching theme of Obadiah’s prophecy, where Edom faces divine judgment for their pride, cruelty, and betrayal of Israel.
• House of Jacob – Refers to the people of Israel, whom God promises to restore and vindicate in contrast to Edom’s destruction.
• House of Esau – Symbolic of Edom and its people, who are destined for destruction because of their pride and mistreatment of Israel.
• Deliverance – A promise of salvation and restoration for Israel, in which those who remain faithful to God will inherit the land, particularly Mount Zion.
• Possession of the Land – A theme in Obadiah’s prophecy, where Israel is promised that they will possess the lands of their enemies, including Edom, after God’s judgment.
• The Kingdom shall be the Lord’s – The concluding promise of Obadiah, declaring that after judgment, God’s kingdom will be established, and He will reign over all.

Glossary for the Book of Jonah

• Jonah – The prophet chosen by God to deliver a message of repentance to the city of Nineveh. Jonah initially runs from his mission, but later fulfills it.
• Nineveh – The capital city of Assyria, known for its wickedness. God sent Jonah to warn the people of Nineveh to repent, or the city would be destroyed.
• The Great Fish – A large fish (often depicted as a whale) that swallowed Jonah after he fled from God’s command. Jonah spent three days and nights in the fish’s belly before being vomited onto dry land.
• Tarshish – The distant city where Jonah attempted to flee in order to escape God’s call to go to Nineveh. Tarshish is often associated with a location in the western Mediterranean, possibly Spain.
• Repentance – A central theme in the Book of Jonah, referring to both Jonah’s need to obey God and the people of Nineveh turning from their evil ways after hearing Jonah’s message.
• Storm – The violent storm sent by God while Jonah was fleeing on a ship to Tarshish. The storm subsided after Jonah was thrown overboard by the sailors.
• Casting Lots – A method used by the sailors on Jonah’s ship to determine who was responsible for the storm. The lot fell on Jonah, revealing him as the cause.
• Sackcloth and Ashes – A traditional sign of mourning and repentance in the ancient Near East. The king of Nineveh and the people wore sackcloth and sat in ashes to show their sorrow for their sins.
• Mercy – One of the key messages of Jonah, as God shows mercy both to Jonah and to the repentant people of Nineveh, sparing them from destruction.
• Judgment – The warning given to Nineveh through Jonah, in which God threatened to destroy the city unless the people repented of their evil ways.
• The Plant – A plant (often interpreted as a vine or gourd) that grew up to shade Jonah as he waited outside Nineveh. God later caused the plant to wither, teaching Jonah a lesson about compassion.
• The Worm – A creature sent by God to destroy the plant that was shading Jonah, symbolizing the fleeting nature of material comforts and God’s control over creation.
• Compassion – A key lesson God teaches Jonah, highlighting that God has compassion not only for Israel but for all people, including the citizens of Nineveh.
• Sailors – The crew on the ship to Tarshish, who initially sought to save Jonah during the storm. They eventually threw Jonah overboard after realizing it was the only way to calm the sea.
• Fast – The act of refraining from food, which the people of Nineveh did in response to Jonah’s warning, seeking to demonstrate their repentance before God.
• God’s Sovereignty – A recurring theme in Jonah, emphasizing that God is in control of nature, nations, and individuals, and that His plans will be accomplished, even when people resist.
• Prayer – Jonah prays to God from the belly of the fish, expressing his distress and recognizing God’s power to save. His prayer is a turning point in his submission to God’s will.
• Assyria – The empire to which Nineveh belonged. Assyria was a powerful and feared nation, often seen as an enemy of Israel, which made Jonah reluctant to preach to its people.
• The East Wind – A hot and dry wind sent by God to further discomfort Jonah after the plant withered, demonstrating the temporary nature of his physical relief and God’s power.
• Salvation – A theme in Jonah’s prayer, where he acknowledges that salvation comes from the Lord alone, both for himself and for the people of Nineveh.

Glossary for the Book of Micah

• Micah – A prophet from the town of Moresheth who delivered God’s message of judgment and hope to the people of Judah and Israel during a time of social injustice and idolatry.
• Samaria – The capital of the northern kingdom of Israel. Micah prophesied its destruction due to the nation’s sins, including idolatry and injustice.
• Jerusalem – The capital of the southern kingdom of Judah. Micah warned of its impending judgment for the sins of its leaders and people, but also foretold its future restoration.
• Zion – Refers to Jerusalem, often used symbolically as the spiritual center of Israel. Micah prophesied both its judgment and its future role in the coming messianic age.
• Justice – A central theme in Micah, where God condemns the people, especially the leaders, for perverting justice and exploiting the poor and vulnerable.
• Mercy – A key virtue that God desires from His people, highlighted in Micah 6:8 as something they are required to show along with justice and humility.
• Humility – Micah calls for the people to walk humbly with God, meaning they are to live in submission and reverence to God’s will, rather than relying on their own strength or wisdom.
• Idolatry – The worship of false gods, which Micah condemns as one of the major sins leading to the downfall of both Israel and Judah.
• Rulers of Israel – The political and religious leaders of Israel and Judah who are often denounced by Micah for their corruption, oppression, and greed.
• Shepherd – Used as a metaphor for God’s care for His people, especially in Micah’s vision of a restored Israel, where God will shepherd His people like a flock.
• The Mountain of the Lord – A prophetic vision of Zion (Jerusalem) being exalted above all other mountains, symbolizing the future reign of God and the establishment of peace.
• Peace – Micah prophesies a time when nations will no longer wage war, and swords will be beaten into plowshares, symbolizing the coming of God’s kingdom.
• Bethlehem – The town foretold by Micah as the birthplace of the future ruler of Israel, the Messiah, who would shepherd God’s people.
• Remnant – The small group of faithful Israelites who would survive the judgment and be restored to a right relationship with God. Micah often speaks of hope for this remnant.
• False Prophets – Religious leaders who misled the people by proclaiming messages of peace and prosperity while ignoring the coming judgment for sin. Micah condemns them for lying to the people.
• Judgment – The divine punishment that Micah warns will come upon Israel and Judah for their sins, particularly their idolatry, injustice, and oppression of the poor.
• Restoration – Despite the prophecy of judgment, Micah also offers hope by foretelling the future restoration of Israel, where the nation will return to faithfulness and live under God’s rule.
• Lawsuit (Rîb) – A metaphor used in Micah 6, where God brings a legal case against Israel for their covenant violations, laying out their sins and calling them to repentance.
• Mountains – Often mentioned in Micah’s prophecies as symbolic locations for God’s judgment or future blessing. For example, the mountains are where God will establish His reign in the future.
• Injustice – A major theme in Micah, particularly in his condemnation of how the wealthy and powerful took advantage of the poor, manipulated the legal system, and engaged in corrupt practices.
• Messianic Prophecy – In Micah 5, there is a significant prophecy about a ruler coming from Bethlehem who would shepherd Israel and bring peace, often understood as a reference to the coming of the Messiah.
• Nations – Micah prophesies that not only Israel but also the surrounding nations will be judged for their sins. However, in the future, nations will come to Zion to learn God’s ways and experience peace.
• Plowshares and Pruning Hooks – Symbols of peace in Micah’s vision of the future kingdom, where instruments of war will be transformed into tools for agriculture, symbolizing the end of conflict.
• Social Injustice – A recurring theme in Micah’s message, where he condemns the leaders, prophets, and wealthy citizens for exploiting the vulnerable and engaging in corrupt practices.
• True Worship – Micah emphasizes that God desires more than rituals and sacrifices; He requires a life lived in justice, mercy, and humility before Him (Micah 6:6-8).

Glossary for the Book of Nahum

• Nahum – The prophet who delivered a message of judgment against Nineveh, the capital of Assyria, proclaiming its impending destruction.
• Nineveh – The capital city of the Assyrian Empire, known for its cruelty and violence. Nahum’s prophecy is focused on the fall of Nineveh as divine retribution for its sins.
• Assyria – A powerful empire that dominated the ancient Near East and was responsible for the destruction of the northern kingdom of Israel. Assyria’s downfall is predicted in Nahum.
• Thebes (No-Amon) – A great city in Egypt that was destroyed by the Assyrians. Nahum references Thebes’ fall as a comparison to Nineveh’s coming destruction.
• Judgment – The central theme of Nahum, where God’s judgment is pronounced against Nineveh and the Assyrian Empire for their oppression, cruelty, and wickedness.
• Vengeance – God’s promised retribution against Assyria for its sins. Nahum portrays God as a righteous judge who avenges the wrongs done to His people.
• Wrath – Nahum describes God’s anger and fury against Nineveh and Assyria, emphasizing the certainty and severity of their punishment.
• Refuge – While Nahum speaks of God’s judgment on Nineveh, he also describes God as a refuge for those who trust in Him, offering protection to His faithful people.
• Flood – A symbol of the overwhelming destruction that would come upon Nineveh. Nahum uses the imagery of a flood to describe how Nineveh would be swept away.
• Lions – Symbolic of the Assyrian rulers and their cruelty. Nahum refers to Nineveh as a lion’s den, highlighting the violence and oppression that characterized the Assyrian empire.
• Siege – Nahum predicts that Nineveh will be besieged by its enemies, leading to its downfall. The book describes the military attack and collapse of the once-great city.
• Destruction – The ultimate fate of Nineveh, as foretold by Nahum. The city would be left in ruins, never to rise again as a dominant power.
• Oppression – One of the key sins of Assyria and Nineveh. Nahum condemns them for their brutal treatment of other nations, including Israel, and predicts their punishment for it.
• Comfort – The name “Nahum” means “comfort” or “consolation,” and while his message is one of judgment for Nineveh, it brings comfort to Judah, knowing that their oppressors would be defeated.
• The Lord as Warrior – Nahum portrays God as a mighty warrior who fights on behalf of His people, bringing justice and overthrowing the enemies of Israel.
• Woe Oracles – Nahum pronounces woes upon Nineveh, describing their inevitable destruction and the terror that will befall the city’s inhabitants.
• Prophecy of Doom – Nahum’s message is a prophetic declaration of doom for Nineveh. Unlike other prophetic books, there is no call for repentance, only an announcement of judgment.
• Idolatry – One of the sins for which Nineveh and Assyria are judged. They worshiped false gods, contributing to their moral decline and eventual destruction.
• The Lord’s Patience – While Nahum emphasizes God’s wrath, he also acknowledges that God is slow to anger, implying that Nineveh had been given time to repent before their judgment was sealed.
• Military Imagery – Nahum uses vivid military language to describe the assault on Nineveh, including chariots, shields, swords, and the noise of battle, symbolizing the intensity of the city’s fall.

Glossary for the Book of Habakkuk

• Habakkuk – The prophet who questioned God about the presence of evil and injustice in the world, and received answers about God’s plans for judgment and justice.
• Babylon (Chaldeans) – The rising empire during Habakkuk’s time, which God uses as an instrument of judgment against Judah. The Babylonians are described as fierce and ruthless.
• The Lord’s Answer – A key theme in Habakkuk, where God responds to Habakkuk’s complaints about injustice, revealing His plans to use Babylon to judge Judah and eventually judge Babylon as well.
• Faith – One of the most significant concepts in the book. Habakkuk 2:4 states, “The righteous shall live by faith,” a foundational principle for understanding how God’s people should respond to adversity and uncertainty.
• Injustice – The initial issue Habakkuk raises with God, pointing to the violence, corruption, and oppression in Judah, and asking why God allows such wrongdoing to go unpunished.
• Judgment – God’s promise to bring judgment on Judah through the Babylonians because of their disobedience, and later on Babylon itself for its cruelty and pride.
• Lament – A form of prayer where the prophet expresses deep sorrow and frustration with the state of the world, seeking answers from God about the presence of evil and suffering.
• Vision – God instructs Habakkuk to write down the vision He reveals, which speaks of future judgment and the ultimate triumph of God’s justice, even if it seems delayed.
• Justice – A central theme in Habakkuk’s dialogue with God. The prophet seeks to understand how God’s justice will be enacted, especially when wicked nations like Babylon are used as instruments of judgment.
• Idolatry – One of the sins for which both Judah and Babylon are condemned. Habakkuk points out the futility of worshiping idols made by human hands.
• Woe Oracles – Pronouncements of divine judgment against Babylon in Habakkuk 2. The woes condemn Babylon’s greed, violence, exploitation, and idolatry.
• The Righteous – Those who remain faithful to God even in the face of suffering and injustice. Habakkuk teaches that the righteous live by faith, trusting in God’s ultimate justice.
• Babylon’s Downfall – Although Babylon is used by God to punish Judah, Habakkuk also prophesies the eventual downfall of Babylon due to its arrogance, violence, and idolatry.
• Silence before God – In Habakkuk 2:20, the prophet calls for reverence and awe before God, who reigns from His holy temple, implying that human beings should trust in His sovereignty.
• Sovereignty of God – A key theme, highlighting that God is in control of nations and history, even when His ways are not immediately understood by human beings.
• Prayer of Habakkuk – In Chapter 3, Habakkuk offers a prayer that recalls God’s past mighty acts and expresses trust in God’s deliverance despite current circumstances.
• God’s Wrath – A theme where Habakkuk acknowledges that God’s judgment is fierce and that He will bring punishment upon both Judah and Babylon for their sins.
• Theophany – Habakkuk 3 contains a vision of God’s glorious and powerful appearance, emphasizing His might and sovereignty over all creation, especially in times of crisis.
• Salvation – Despite the judgment to come, Habakkuk expresses hope in God’s salvation, affirming that God will ultimately deliver His people and restore justice.
• Joy in the Lord – The concluding message of Habakkuk, where the prophet expresses a profound faith in God, stating that even if all material goods fail, he will rejoice in the Lord and find strength in God (Habakkuk 3:17-19).

Glossary for the Book of Zephaniah

• Zephaniah – The prophet who delivered God’s message of judgment and restoration to Judah during the reign of King Josiah, focusing on the coming Day of the Lord.
• Day of the Lord – A central theme in Zephaniah, referring to a time of divine judgment and wrath against sin, not only for Judah but for all nations, followed by a period of restoration.
• Judgment – The primary focus of Zephaniah’s prophecy, where God declares judgment against Judah and the surrounding nations for their sins, including idolatry and corruption.
• Idolatry – One of the major sins for which Judah is condemned in Zephaniah’s prophecy. The people were worshiping false gods, including Baal and the starry host.
• Remnant – A small group of faithful people who will survive God’s judgment and be restored. Zephaniah speaks of a remnant that will humble themselves before God and live in righteousness.
• Jerusalem – The capital city of Judah, which is condemned for its corruption and disobedience. However, Zephaniah also speaks of Jerusalem’s future purification and restoration.
• Nations – Zephaniah extends his prophecy of judgment beyond Judah to include other nations such as Philistia, Moab, Ammon, Cush, and Assyria, indicating that God’s judgment is universal.
• Pride – A sin that Zephaniah condemns in both Judah and the surrounding nations. The proud will be humbled in the Day of the Lord, while the humble will be lifted up.
• Restoration – Despite the harsh judgment, Zephaniah promises a future time of restoration for Israel, when God will purify the people and restore their fortunes.
• Wrath – Zephaniah describes God’s fierce anger and wrath that will be poured out on the sinful and corrupt nations during the Day of the Lord.
• Baal – A false god worshiped by some of the people in Judah, which Zephaniah condemns as part of the idolatry that will lead to God’s judgment.
• Cush – A region in Africa, often associated with Ethiopia. Zephaniah includes Cush in the nations that will experience God’s judgment.
• Assyria – The dominant empire during Zephaniah’s time, whose capital, Nineveh, is specifically mentioned as being doomed to destruction for its arrogance and cruelty.
• Moab and Ammon – Two neighboring nations of Israel, often hostile to Judah, that are singled out by Zephaniah for judgment due to their arrogance and mockery of God’s people.
• Philistia – A neighboring region and long-time adversary of Israel, included in the nations that will face God’s judgment in Zephaniah’s prophecy.
• Righteousness – Zephaniah urges the people to seek righteousness and humility, suggesting that those who do so may be sheltered from God’s wrath during the Day of the Lord.
• Humility – Zephaniah emphasizes that humility is a key trait for those who will survive the Day of the Lord. The humble remnant will be restored and protected by God.
• Purification – Zephaniah speaks of God purifying His people after the judgment, removing their sins and idolatry, and bringing them back to faithful worship.
• Singing and Rejoicing – After the period of judgment, Zephaniah envisions a time of joy and celebration when God will rejoice over His people with singing as He restores them.
• Shelter from Judgment – Zephaniah offers hope that those who seek God and live in righteousness and humility may find protection from His wrath on the Day of the Lord.
• Fear of the Lord – Zephaniah encourages the people to fear and respect God, acknowledging His power and authority, especially in the context of the coming judgment.
• False Worship – Zephaniah condemns the people of Judah for mixing the worship of God with idolatry, leading to their impending judgment.
• Prophets and Priests – Religious leaders who were supposed to guide the people in righteousness but are condemned in Zephaniah for being corrupt and failing to fulfill their duties.
• The City of Oppression – A term Zephaniah uses to describe Jerusalem, emphasizing the corruption, violence, and deceit present in the city, which contributes to its downfall.
• Zealous Love – In the final portion of Zephaniah, God’s love for His people is portrayed as passionate and zealous, bringing about their eventual restoration and salvation.
• Zealous Love – In the final portion of Zephaniah, God’s love for His people is portrayed as passionate and zealous, bringing about their eventual restoration and salvation.

Glossary for the Book of Haggai

• Haggai – A prophet sent by God to encourage the people of Judah to rebuild the temple after their return from exile in Babylon.
• Zerubbabel – The governor of Judah during the time of Haggai’s prophecy. He played a key role in leading the rebuilding efforts of the temple and is mentioned as part of David’s lineage.
• Joshua the High Priest – The religious leader of the people during Haggai’s time. He worked alongside Zerubbabel in rebuilding the temple and is a key figure in Haggai’s prophecies.
• The Temple – The central focus of Haggai’s message. He urged the people to prioritize the rebuilding of the temple, which had been destroyed by the Babylonians, as it symbolized God’s presence among His people.
• The Lord of Hosts – A title frequently used by Haggai to refer to God, emphasizing His authority and power over heavenly armies and all creation.
• Rebuilding the Temple – The central mission of Haggai’s prophecy. The people had neglected rebuilding the temple for their own homes and projects, and Haggai’s message was a call to refocus on this sacred task.
• Drought – Haggai warned that the lack of rainfall and poor harvests were a direct result of the people’s failure to rebuild the temple, showing how their spiritual neglect affected their physical well-being.
• The Glory of the Temple – Haggai prophesied that the glory of the new temple, despite its humble beginnings, would surpass that of the first temple built by Solomon, signaling the future coming of God’s kingdom.
• Holiness – A theme in Haggai’s message, particularly in his discourse about ritual purity. He explained that holiness cannot be transferred simply by being in proximity to holy things, but defilement spreads easily through sin.
• Defilement – Haggai uses the concept of defilement to explain how the people’s neglect of the temple and their sinful ways have negatively affected their work and offerings to God.
• “Consider Your Ways” – A key phrase in Haggai’s prophecy, urging the people to reflect on their priorities and the consequences of neglecting the temple in favor of their personal pursuits.
• Darius the Great – The Persian king during the time of Haggai’s prophecy. His reign allowed for the Jewish exiles to return to Jerusalem and begin rebuilding the temple.
• Covenant – Haggai reminds the people of God’s covenant with Israel and encourages them to rebuild the temple as a sign of their renewed commitment to that covenant relationship.
• God’s Promise of Blessing – After the people begin to rebuild the temple, Haggai proclaims God’s promise that He will bless their crops and bring prosperity as a sign of His favor.
• Shaking of the Nations – Haggai prophesies that God will “shake the heavens and the earth,” a metaphor for His coming intervention in human history, which includes the overthrow of empires and the establishment of His kingdom.
• Spirit of God – Haggai emphasizes that God’s Spirit is with the people as they rebuild the temple, giving them the strength and encouragement needed to complete the task.
• Remnant – Refers to the small group of Israelites who returned from exile in Babylon to rebuild the temple. Haggai speaks to this faithful remnant, encouraging them to continue their work.
• Harvest – Haggai uses the theme of poor harvests and agricultural failure to demonstrate the consequences of neglecting the temple. Once they rebuild, God promises to bless their harvests.
• Signet Ring – A symbol of authority and honor. In Haggai’s prophecy, Zerubbabel is referred to as God’s “signet ring,” representing his chosen leadership and the messianic hope tied to his lineage.
• The First and Second Temples – Haggai compares the glory of the first temple, built by Solomon, with the second temple being rebuilt. Though the second temple seemed less glorious at first, Haggai promises that its glory will be greater in the future.

Glossary for the Book of Zechariah

• Zechariah – A prophet and priest who delivered visions and messages of hope, restoration, and future judgment to the people of Judah during the rebuilding of the temple after the Babylonian exile.
• Zerubbabel – The governor of Judah and descendant of King David, who led the effort to rebuild the temple. Zechariah’s prophecy highlights Zerubbabel’s role in completing the temple and foreshadows a future messianic leader.
• Joshua the High Priest – The high priest during Zechariah’s time, who is prominently featured in Zechariah’s visions as a symbol of the restoration of the priesthood and God’s forgiveness of Israel’s sins.
• The Temple – The focus of much of Zechariah’s early prophecies. Zechariah encouraged the people to complete the rebuilding of the temple, which symbolized God’s presence and favor with His people.
• Visions of Zechariah – Zechariah received eight symbolic visions from God, which depict the restoration of Jerusalem, the judgment of nations, and the coming of the Messiah.
• The Branch – A messianic figure mentioned by Zechariah, symbolizing the coming king from the line of David who will bring peace and justice, often associated with Jesus in Christian interpretation.
• Flying Scroll – One of Zechariah’s visions, symbolizing the curse of God’s judgment against those who steal and lie, representing God’s desire for moral purity in the land.
• The Four Horsemen – A vision of four horses patrolling the earth, representing God’s active oversight of the nations and His coming judgment on those who oppose Israel.
• The Golden Lampstand – A vision symbolizing the continual presence and guidance of God through the Holy Spirit, supporting Zerubbabel’s work in rebuilding the temple.
• The Two Olive Trees – In Zechariah’s vision, these trees represent the anointed leaders, Zerubbabel and Joshua, symbolizing the roles of the king and priest working together under God’s guidance.
• The Crown for Joshua – Zechariah is instructed to place a crown on the head of Joshua the High Priest, symbolizing the merging of the priestly and royal roles, foreshadowing the coming Messiah.
• The King Riding a Donkey – A prophecy in Zechariah 9:9 about the coming king of Israel, who will enter Jerusalem riding a donkey. This is often seen as a prophecy fulfilled by Jesus during His triumphal entry into Jerusalem.
• The Day of the Lord – A prophetic theme in Zechariah, referring to a future time of divine intervention when God will judge the nations, restore Israel, and establish His kingdom on earth.
• The Shepherd – Zechariah uses the imagery of shepherds to describe leaders of Israel. He prophesies about a good shepherd who will lead Israel and a foolish shepherd who will mislead the people, foreshadowing Jesus as the Good Shepherd.
• The Wounds in the Hands – A reference to a wounded shepherd in Zechariah 13:6, often interpreted in Christian tradition as a prophecy pointing to the crucifixion of Jesus.
• The Fountain of Cleansing – Zechariah prophesies about a future fountain that will cleanse the people of their sins and impurity, symbolizing the coming of God’s ultimate redemption.
• The Nations – Zechariah frequently addresses the nations that surround Israel, prophesying judgment upon them and their ultimate subjection to God’s rule.
• Jerusalem – Central to Zechariah’s prophecy, Jerusalem is portrayed as the city that will be restored and become the center of worship for all nations in the future kingdom of God.
• The Feast of Tabernacles – Zechariah prophesies that in the future, nations will come to Jerusalem to celebrate the Feast of Tabernacles, signifying their submission to God’s rule and the restoration of worship.
• The Four Chariots – A vision of four chariots representing the four spirits of heaven, symbolizing God’s power and His control over the entire earth.
• The Angel of the Lord – A recurring figure in Zechariah’s visions, who serves as a mediator between God and Zechariah, delivering God’s messages and guiding him through the visions.
• The Woman in the Basket – A vision in Zechariah where a woman representing wickedness is confined in a basket and taken to Babylon, symbolizing the removal of sin from Israel.
• The Crown – Zechariah instructs the people to make a crown, symbolizing the future restoration of the Davidic kingship and the role of the priesthood, looking forward to the Messiah’s reign.
• Fasting – Zechariah addresses questions about fasting and explains that true fasting should lead to justice, mercy, and humility before God, rather than empty rituals.
• The Siege of Jerusalem – Zechariah prophesies about a future siege of Jerusalem, followed by divine intervention, where God will defend His people and establish His kingdom.

Glossary for the Book of Malachi

• Malachi – The prophet through whom God delivers messages to the people of Israel, addressing their spiritual complacency, corrupted worship, and moral failures. The name “Malachi” means “my messenger.”
• Covenant – A key theme in Malachi, referring to the sacred agreement between God and His people, which the Israelites had violated through disobedience and neglect of their worship and moral duties.
• Priests – Religious leaders in Israel who were criticized by Malachi for offering polluted sacrifices and failing to uphold their responsibilities in leading the people in proper worship.
• Tithes – The portion of income (typically one-tenth) that Israelites were required to give to support the temple and the Levites. Malachi rebukes the people for neglecting to bring their full tithes, leading to God’s disfavor.
• Offering/Sacrifice – Malachi condemns the people and priests for offering blemished and inferior sacrifices, which were disrespectful to God and a violation of the covenant law.
• The Messenger – Refers to the messenger who will prepare the way before the coming of the Lord. This figure is often associated with John the Baptist in Christian interpretation.
• The Day of the Lord – A future time of divine judgment and restoration mentioned in Malachi, where God will judge the wicked and purify the righteous, preparing for His ultimate reign.
• Elijah – Malachi prophesies that Elijah will return before the great and dreadful Day of the Lord, a reference that in Christian tradition is linked to John the Baptist as the forerunner of Christ.
• Jacob and Esau – Malachi uses the example of Jacob (representing Israel) and Esau (representing Edom) to illustrate God’s special love for Israel, despite their current disobedience.
• Fear of the Lord – A theme in Malachi, where the prophet calls the people to revere and honor God, which they had failed to do in their corrupted worship and careless sacrifices.
• The Refiner’s Fire – A metaphor used in Malachi to describe God’s process of purification, where He will refine and purify His people, especially the priests, so they may offer righteous sacrifices.
• Divorce – Malachi speaks against the rampant practice of divorce in Israel, condemning it as an act of unfaithfulness and a violation of God’s covenant with His people.
• Robbing God – A charge Malachi brings against the people of Israel for failing to bring their full tithes and offerings to the temple, thus robbing God of what was rightfully His.
• The Book of Remembrance – A symbolic book mentioned in Malachi, in which the names of those who fear the Lord and honor His name are written, signifying God’s recognition of the faithful.
• The Sun of Righteousness – A metaphor for the coming of God’s salvation and justice. Malachi says that the “sun of righteousness” will rise with healing in its wings, bringing restoration and blessing to the righteous.
• Storehouse – A reference to the temple treasury where tithes were brought. Malachi urges the people to “bring the whole tithe into the storehouse” so that blessings from God may overflow.
• Edom – The descendants of Esau and a neighboring nation to Israel. Malachi uses Edom as an example of God’s judgment against a nation that opposes Him, contrasting their fate with that of Israel.
• The Lord’s Messenger – Refers to both Malachi himself and the figure who will prepare the way before the Lord. In Christian tradition, this messenger is associated with John the Baptist.
• Honor – A major theme in Malachi, where God rebukes the people, especially the priests, for failing to give Him the honor and reverence due through proper worship and righteous living.
• Faithfulness – Malachi emphasizes the importance of faithfulness in relationships, particularly in marriage and in maintaining the covenant with God, condemning the unfaithfulness of the people.
• Justice – Malachi warns that God will bring justice to those who oppress the vulnerable and commit wicked acts, including sorcerers, adulterers, and those who exploit workers.
• Purification – The process by which God will cleanse His people and their leaders, particularly the Levites, to restore true worship and faithfulness among them.
• Children of the Covenant – A term emphasizing Israel’s identity as God’s chosen people, bound by a covenant, which they had neglected through their disobedience and lack of reverence.
• The Dreadful Day of the Lord – A prophetic description of the final judgment, when God will separate the righteous from the wicked, punishing evildoers and rewarding the faithful.
• The Fatherhood of God – Malachi highlights God as Israel’s Father, which places an obligation on the people to honor Him as a son would honor a father, emphasizing their failure to do so.

Glossary for the Book of Matthew

• Matthew – One of Jesus’ twelve apostles and traditionally considered the author of the Gospel of Matthew. He was a former tax collector before following Jesus.
• Beatitudes – A series of blessings Jesus pronounced during the Sermon on the Mount (Matthew 5:3-12). They describe the characteristics of those who belong to the Kingdom of Heaven.
• Kingdom of Heaven – A central theme in Matthew’s Gospel, referring to the reign and rule of God both in the present and in the future, as well as the fulfillment of God’s will on earth as it is in heaven.
• Sermon on the Mount – One of the most famous sections of Matthew’s Gospel (chapters 5-7), where Jesus teaches about the values and ethics of the Kingdom of Heaven, including the Beatitudes, prayer, and righteous living.
• Messiah – A title for Jesus, meaning “the Anointed One,” prophesied to bring salvation and establish God’s Kingdom. Matthew emphasizes Jesus as the fulfillment of Old Testament messianic prophecies.
• Emmanuel – A name given to Jesus, meaning “God with us.” It is referenced in Matthew 1:23, fulfilling the prophecy from Isaiah that the Messiah would be a divine presence among the people.
• Magi – Wise men from the East who visited Jesus after His birth, bringing gifts of gold, frankincense, and myrrh. Their visit is recounted in Matthew 2.
• Parables – Short, symbolic stories used by Jesus to teach spiritual truths. Matthew includes many of Jesus’ parables, such as the Parable of the Sower, the Parable of the Weeds, and the Parable of the Talents.
• Pharisees – A religious group known for strict adherence to the Jewish Law and traditions. They often opposed Jesus and are frequently criticized by Him in the Gospel of Matthew for their hypocrisy.
• Sadducees – Another religious group in Israel, often associated with the temple priesthood and the elite. They are depicted in Matthew as questioning Jesus and are involved in His eventual arrest and trial.
• Disciples – The followers of Jesus, particularly the twelve apostles. Matthew highlights the call, training, and mission of the disciples throughout the Gospel.
• Baptism – The ritual of purification and entry into a new life of faith. Jesus is baptized by John the Baptist in the Jordan River, marking the beginning of His public ministry (Matthew 3:13-17).
• John the Baptist – A prophet who prepared the way for Jesus by preaching repentance and baptizing people in the Jordan River. He is recognized as the forerunner of the Messiah in Matthew’s Gospel.
• Temptation of Jesus – The account in Matthew 4 where Jesus is tempted by Satan in the wilderness after fasting for 40 days. Jesus resists the temptations using scripture, showing His obedience to God.
• Transfiguration – A significant event in Matthew 17 where Jesus is transformed before Peter, James, and John, and His face shines like the sun. Moses and Elijah appear, and God’s voice declares Jesus as His Son.
• Son of Man – A title Jesus frequently uses for Himself in Matthew, drawing from Daniel 7:13-14. It emphasizes His authority, His role in suffering, and His future reign as King.
• Great Commission – The command Jesus gives to His disciples after His resurrection (Matthew 28:18-20), instructing them to make disciples of all nations, baptizing and teaching them to obey all His commands.
• Fulfillment of Prophecy – A major theme in Matthew’s Gospel, which frequently highlights how events in Jesus’ life fulfill specific Old Testament prophecies, reinforcing Jesus’ identity as the Messiah.
• Son of David – A messianic title used for Jesus in Matthew, emphasizing His royal lineage from King David and His role as the long-awaited King who would restore Israel.
• Gentiles – Non-Jews. Although Jesus’ ministry in Matthew is initially focused on the “lost sheep of Israel,” the Gospel also opens the door to Gentiles, especially in the Great Commission.
• Crucifixion – The method of Jesus’ execution at the hands of the Roman authorities, which is central to Matthew’s passion narrative. Jesus’ crucifixion is portrayed as the fulfillment of His role as the suffering servant and the Savior.
• Resurrection – The event where Jesus rises from the dead on the third day after His crucifixion, affirming His victory over sin and death. Matthew recounts the empty tomb and Jesus’ appearances to His disciples.
• Genealogy of Jesus – The opening of Matthew’s Gospel presents a genealogy that traces Jesus’ lineage back to Abraham and King David, affirming His rightful place as the Messiah in Jewish history.
• Herod the Great – The king of Judea during Jesus’ birth who ordered the massacre of infants in Bethlehem in an attempt to kill the newborn “King of the Jews” (Matthew 2:16-18).
• The Beatitudes – A set of blessings Jesus pronounces during the Sermon on the Mount (Matthew 5:3-12), describing the qualities and rewards of those who live according to Kingdom values.
• Hypocrisy – A sin frequently addressed by Jesus in Matthew’s Gospel, particularly in His criticism of the Pharisees and religious leaders for outwardly following religious rituals while neglecting justice, mercy, and faithfulness.
• Peter – One of Jesus’ twelve apostles and a key figure in Matthew’s Gospel. Peter is the first disciple to recognize Jesus as the Messiah, and Jesus calls him the “rock” on which He will build His church.
• Forgiveness – A central teaching in Matthew, especially in parables like the Parable of the Unmerciful Servant (Matthew 18:21-35). Jesus emphasizes the importance of forgiving others as a reflection of God’s forgiveness.
• The Last Supper – The final meal Jesus shares with His disciples before His crucifixion, where He institutes the practice of Communion, symbolizing His body and blood given for the forgiveness of sins (Matthew 26:26-29).
• Sermon on the Mount – One of Jesus’ longest recorded teachings in Matthew, covering various topics like the Beatitudes, prayer, fasting, loving enemies, and the Golden Rule.

Glossary for the Book of Mark

• Mark – The traditionally recognized author of the Gospel of Mark, also known as John Mark. He was a companion of Peter, and his Gospel is thought to reflect Peter’s eyewitness accounts of Jesus’ life.
• Gospel – The “good news” of Jesus Christ’s life, death, and resurrection. The Gospel of Mark is considered the earliest written account of Jesus’ ministry, emphasizing His actions and power.
• John the Baptist – A prophet who prepared the way for Jesus by preaching repentance and baptizing people in the Jordan River. His ministry is briefly mentioned in the opening of Mark’s Gospel.
• Baptism – Jesus is baptized by John the Baptist in the Jordan River, marking the beginning of His public ministry and the moment when the Holy Spirit descends on Him.
• Disciples – Followers of Jesus, particularly the twelve apostles chosen by Him to spread His message and witness His miracles. Mark focuses on the disciples’ gradual understanding of who Jesus is.
• The Kingdom of God – A central theme in Mark’s Gospel, referring to God’s reign over all things. Jesus preaches the coming of the Kingdom of God, calling people to repentance and faith.
• Parables – Short stories with a moral or spiritual lesson that Jesus used to teach about the Kingdom of God. Mark includes several of Jesus’ parables, such as the Parable of the Sower and the Parable of the Mustard Seed.
• Miracles – Mark’s Gospel emphasizes Jesus’ miraculous works, including healings, exorcisms, and control over nature. These miracles demonstrate Jesus’ authority and divine power.
• Authority of Jesus – A key theme in Mark, where Jesus is shown to have authority over demons, sickness, nature, and even death, pointing to His divine identity.
• Peter – One of Jesus’ closest disciples. In Mark, Peter plays a prominent role, especially in recognizing Jesus as the Messiah, but also in his denial of Jesus during the trial.
• Son of Man – A title Jesus frequently uses for Himself in Mark’s Gospel, emphasizing both His humanity and His role as the divine figure prophesied in Daniel who will suffer, die, and rise again.
• The Twelve Apostles – The core group of Jesus’ disciples, whom He commissions to preach, heal, and cast out demons. The Gospel of Mark highlights their development and struggles to fully understand Jesus’ mission.
• Pharisees – A religious group in Israel known for their strict interpretation of the Jewish Law. In Mark’s Gospel, they frequently oppose Jesus, especially in matters of tradition and Sabbath observance.
• Sadducees – A religious sect in Israel associated with the temple priesthood. They opposed Jesus on theological issues like the resurrection, and they played a role in His arrest and trial.
• The Transfiguration – An event in Mark 9 where Jesus is transformed in front of Peter, James, and John, revealing His divine glory. Moses and Elijah appear, and God’s voice declares Jesus as His beloved Son.
• Passion – The suffering and death of Jesus. Mark’s Gospel emphasizes the events leading up to Jesus’ crucifixion, His trial, and His ultimate sacrifice on the cross for humanity’s sins.
• Crucifixion – The method of Jesus’ execution by the Roman authorities. Mark’s Gospel gives a detailed account of Jesus’ crucifixion, emphasizing His suffering and the fulfillment of His mission to die for the sins of the world.
• Resurrection – The event of Jesus rising from the dead on the third day after His crucifixion. Mark’s Gospel concludes with the discovery of the empty tomb, pointing to Jesus’ victory over death.
• Suffering Servant – A theme in Mark that emphasizes Jesus’ role as the Messiah who suffers and dies for the salvation of humanity, fulfilling the prophecy of the suffering servant in Isaiah.
• The Messianic Secret – A recurring theme in Mark where Jesus frequently tells those He heals or teaches not to reveal His identity as the Messiah until the proper time.
• Demons – In Mark’s Gospel, Jesus frequently confronts and casts out demons, showing His power over the forces of evil. These exorcisms demonstrate His authority and the coming of God’s Kingdom.
• The Cross – Central to the message of Mark’s Gospel, the cross represents Jesus’ ultimate act of love and sacrifice, where He atones for the sins of the world.
• Faith – Mark emphasizes the importance of faith in Jesus’ healing miracles and teachings. Faith is often contrasted with doubt, as seen in the disciples’ struggles to fully believe in Jesus’ power.
• The Centurion – A Roman soldier present at Jesus’ crucifixion who declares, “Truly this man was the Son of God” (Mark 15:39), highlighting the recognition of Jesus’ divine identity.
• The Son of God – A key title for Jesus in Mark’s Gospel, identifying Him as the divine Son sent by the Father to redeem humanity. The Gospel opens by declaring Jesus as the Son of God (Mark 1:1).
• Gentiles – Non-Jews who are also recipients of Jesus’ ministry. Mark emphasizes the inclusion of Gentiles in the Kingdom of God, foreshadowing the global spread of the Gospel.
• The Sabbath – A Jewish day of rest. In Mark, Jesus challenges the Pharisees’ strict interpretation of the Sabbath laws, teaching that the Sabbath was made for humanity’s benefit, not as a burden.
• The Last Supper – The final meal Jesus shares with His disciples before His arrest, where He institutes the practice of Communion, symbolizing His body and blood given for the forgiveness of sins (Mark 14:22-25).
• Gethsemane – The garden where Jesus prays in anguish before His arrest, asking for the Father’s will to be done. Mark highlights Jesus’ humanity and submission to God’s plan (Mark 14:32-42).
• The Empty Tomb – Mark’s Gospel ends with the discovery of Jesus’ empty tomb by women on the first day of the week, symbolizing His resurrection and victory over death (Mark 16:1-8).

Glossary for the Book of Luke

• Luke – The traditionally recognized author of the Gospel of Luke. He was a physician and companion of the apostle Paul. Luke’s Gospel emphasizes Jesus’ compassion for all people, especially the marginalized.
• Theophilus – The person to whom the Gospel of Luke and the Book of Acts are addressed. His name means “lover of God,” and he is thought to be a high-ranking official or a symbolic figure representing all believers.
• Son of Man – A title Jesus frequently uses for Himself in Luke, emphasizing both His humanity and His role as the divinely appointed Savior who would suffer and bring redemption.
• Annunciation – The announcement by the angel Gabriel to Mary that she would conceive and give birth to Jesus, the Son of God (Luke 1:26-38).
• Mary – The mother of Jesus, who plays a prominent role in the opening chapters of Luke. Her faith and willingness to serve God are highlighted, as well as her praise in the “Magnificat” (Luke 1:46-55).
• Elizabeth – The wife of Zechariah and the mother of John the Baptist. Elizabeth is a relative of Mary, and her pregnancy in old age is a sign of God’s miraculous intervention (Luke 1:5-25).
• Zechariah – The father of John the Baptist, who was temporarily made mute by the angel Gabriel for doubting God’s message. His voice is restored after John’s birth (Luke 1:5-25, 1:57-80).
• John the Baptist – A prophet and the forerunner of Jesus, born to Elizabeth and Zechariah. John’s ministry focuses on calling people to repentance and preparing the way for Jesus (Luke 3:1-20).
• Magnificat – Mary’s song of praise to God, found in Luke 1:46-55, where she glorifies God for His mercy and the fulfillment of His promises to Israel.
• Good Samaritan – A parable told by Jesus in Luke 10:25-37 that illustrates love for one’s neighbor, regardless of race or status. The Samaritan, traditionally despised by Jews, is the hero who shows mercy.
• Prodigal Son – A famous parable in Luke 15:11-32 that illustrates God’s forgiveness and love for sinners. It tells the story of a father who welcomes back his wayward son with open arms after he repents.
• Shepherds – Humble figures to whom the birth of Jesus is first announced by angels. They represent the marginalized and lowly who are often given special attention in Luke’s Gospel (Luke 2:8-20).
• Simeon – A righteous man who had been promised by God that he would see the Messiah before he died. Simeon holds the baby Jesus in the temple and praises God for fulfilling His promise (Luke 2:25-35).
• Anna – A prophetess who recognizes Jesus as the Messiah when He is presented at the temple and gives thanks to God, speaking about Him to others (Luke 2:36-38).
• Parables – Short stories with moral or spiritual lessons, often used by Jesus to teach about the Kingdom of God. Luke contains many parables, such as the Parable of the Good Samaritan and the Parable of the Lost Sheep.
• Tax Collectors – Often viewed as sinners and traitors by the Jewish people because of their association with Roman authorities. In Luke, Jesus extends compassion to tax collectors like Zacchaeus (Luke 19:1-10) and Matthew.
• Pharisees – A religious group known for strict observance of Jewish Law. In Luke, Jesus frequently challenges the Pharisees for their hypocrisy and legalism, particularly in their lack of compassion.
• Zacchaeus – A wealthy tax collector who climbs a tree to see Jesus and whose life is transformed after a personal encounter with Him (Luke 19:1-10).
• The Kingdom of God – A central theme in Luke’s Gospel, referring to God’s reign and rule over the world, both now and in the future. Jesus teaches that the Kingdom of God is near and accessible to those who repent and believe.
• The Lost Sheep – A parable in Luke 15:3-7 that illustrates God’s relentless pursuit of those who are lost, showing His joy when even one sinner repents.
• The Rich Man and Lazarus – A parable in Luke 16:19-31 that contrasts the eternal fates of a rich man who lived selfishly and a poor man named Lazarus, emphasizing the importance of compassion and justice.
• Holy Spirit – The third person of the Trinity, whose work is highlighted throughout Luke’s Gospel. The Holy Spirit fills John the Baptist, leads Jesus, and empowers the disciples.
• The Emmaus Road – The account of two disciples encountering the risen Jesus on the road to Emmaus, where He reveals Himself in the breaking of bread (Luke 24:13-35).
• Resurrection – The event of Jesus rising from the dead on the third day after His crucifixion. Luke emphasizes the importance of the resurrection as proof of Jesus’ victory over death and fulfillment of His mission.
• The Transfiguration – An event in Luke 9:28-36 where Jesus is transformed in front of Peter, James, and John, revealing His divine glory. Moses and Elijah appear, and God’s voice declares Jesus as His Son.
• The Ascension – The event at the end of Luke’s Gospel (Luke 24:50-53), where Jesus ascends into heaven, signifying the completion of His earthly mission and the beginning of the disciples’ work to spread the Gospel.
• Prayer – A significant theme in Luke, where Jesus is frequently shown praying, teaching His disciples to pray (Luke 11:1-13), and emphasizing the importance of persistence in prayer (Luke 18:1-8).
• Repentance – A call to turn away from sin and return to God, which is central to Jesus’ preaching in Luke. Many of Jesus’ parables and interactions emphasize the need for repentance.
• Forgiveness – A key theme in Luke’s Gospel, where Jesus teaches the importance of forgiving others and extends God’s forgiveness to sinners, as seen in the story of the Prodigal Son and the woman who anoints Jesus’ feet.
• Faith – Faith in Jesus is highlighted throughout Luke, especially in His healings, where those who trust in Jesus’ power are commended for their faith, such as the Roman centurion and the woman with the issue of blood.

Glossary for the Book of John

• John – The traditionally recognized author of the Gospel of John. He was one of Jesus’ twelve apostles, often referred to as the “beloved disciple.” His Gospel emphasizes the divinity of Jesus and the importance of belief in Him.
• Logos – A Greek term meaning “Word.” In John 1:1, Jesus is described as the Logos, the Word of God, who was with God in the beginning and through whom all things were made.
• Light of the World – A title Jesus uses for Himself in John 8:12, signifying that He is the source of spiritual light and truth, illuminating the path to eternal life.
• Eternal Life – A central theme in John’s Gospel, referring to the life that is granted to those who believe in Jesus. Eternal life is not just life after death but also a present reality, characterized by a relationship with God.
• Signs – John’s Gospel refers to Jesus’ miracles as “signs,” which point to His divine nature and mission. These include turning water into wine, healing the blind man, and raising Lazarus from the dead.
• “I Am” Statements – A series of declarations made by Jesus in John’s Gospel that reveal His divine identity and mission. These include “I am the Bread of Life,” “I am the Light of the World,” and “I am the Good Shepherd.”
• Nicodemus – A Pharisee who visits Jesus at night in John 3 to ask questions about His teachings. Jesus tells Nicodemus about the need to be “born again” to enter the Kingdom of God.
• Born Again – A concept Jesus explains to Nicodemus in John 3, referring to spiritual rebirth through faith in Jesus and the work of the Holy Spirit, necessary for eternal life.
• Living Water – A metaphor used by Jesus in John 4 when He speaks to the Samaritan woman at the well, symbolizing the spiritual life and renewal that Jesus offers.
• The Word Made Flesh – A phrase from John 1:14, describing the incarnation of Jesus, where the eternal Word of God became human and lived among us, revealing God’s glory.
• The Good Shepherd – One of Jesus’ “I Am” statements (John 10:11), where He describes Himself as the shepherd who cares for His sheep, laying down His life for them.
• The Bread of Life – A title Jesus uses in John 6:35, emphasizing that He is the source of spiritual sustenance, and those who come to Him will never hunger or thirst spiritually.
• The Lamb of God – A title given to Jesus by John the Baptist in John 1:29, signifying that Jesus is the sacrificial lamb who takes away the sin of the world.
• The Beloved Disciple – A figure in John’s Gospel who is often identified as the apostle John. This disciple is noted for his close relationship with Jesus, especially at the Last Supper and at the cross.
• The Samaritan Woman – A woman whom Jesus meets at a well in John 4. Their conversation leads to her belief in Jesus as the Messiah, and she shares the good news with her community.
• The Resurrection and the Life – Jesus’ declaration in John 11:25, made when He raises Lazarus from the dead, showing His power over death and offering the promise of resurrection to all who believe in Him.
• Lazarus – A close friend of Jesus whom He raises from the dead in John 11, foreshadowing Jesus’ own resurrection and demonstrating His power over life and death.
• The Holy Spirit (Paraclete) – In John’s Gospel, Jesus promises the coming of the Holy Spirit, referred to as the Paraclete or Helper, who will guide, teach, and comfort believers after Jesus’ ascension.
• The Vine and the Branches – A metaphor used by Jesus in John 15, where He describes Himself as the true vine and His followers as the branches, emphasizing the need to remain connected to Him for spiritual growth and fruitfulness.
• The Light – A symbol for Jesus used throughout John’s Gospel, particularly in John 1 and John 8, where Jesus is depicted as the Light that shines in the darkness, bringing truth and salvation to the world.
• The Word – Refers to Jesus as the divine Logos or Word of God, through whom all things were created and who became flesh to reveal God to humanity (John 1:1-14).
• The Son of God – A title for Jesus that emphasizes His divine nature and relationship with God the Father. In John’s Gospel, Jesus frequently speaks of His unique sonship.
• The Son of Man – A title Jesus often uses for Himself in John’s Gospel, highlighting both His humanity and His role as the divinely appointed Savior and judge.
• The High Priestly Prayer – A prayer Jesus prays in John 17, in which He asks the Father to protect His disciples, unite them, and sanctify them in the truth as they continue His mission in the world.
• The Crucifixion – The event of Jesus’ death on the cross, which John emphasizes as the culmination of Jesus’ mission to save humanity. In John, Jesus’ crucifixion is presented as a moment of glory and fulfillment of Scripture.
• The Resurrection – The event of Jesus rising from the dead on the third day after His crucifixion. John’s Gospel gives a detailed account of the empty tomb and Jesus’ post-resurrection appearances to His disciples.
• The Ascension – The moment when Jesus returns to the Father after His resurrection, though the ascension itself is not detailed in John’s Gospel, Jesus speaks of His return to the Father throughout the narrative.
• Thomas – One of Jesus’ disciples, often known as “Doubting Thomas” because he initially doubts Jesus’ resurrection. In John 20:28, after seeing the risen Jesus, Thomas declares, “My Lord and my God,” affirming Jesus’ divinity.
• The Bread of Life Discourse – A teaching by Jesus in John 6 where He describes Himself as the bread that came down from heaven, emphasizing the necessity of faith in Him for eternal life.
• Belief – A central theme in John’s Gospel, where faith in Jesus is portrayed as the key to receiving eternal life. John frequently emphasizes the importance of belief in Jesus as the Messiah and the Son of God.

Glossary for the Book of Acts

• Acts (The Acts of the Apostles) – The fifth book of the New Testament, written by Luke, which details the early history of the Christian church, from Jesus’ ascension to the spread of the Gospel by the apostles.
• The Holy Spirit – The third person of the Trinity, who plays a central role in Acts. The Holy Spirit empowers the apostles, guides the church, and performs miracles, beginning with the outpouring at Pentecost.
• Pentecost – A Jewish festival during which the Holy Spirit descended on the apostles, allowing them to speak in different languages and empowering them to spread the Gospel (Acts 2:1-13).
• Peter – One of Jesus’ apostles and a key leader in the early church. Peter delivers important sermons, performs miracles, and plays a major role in spreading the Gospel to Jews and Gentiles.
• Paul (Saul of Tarsus) – A former Pharisee and persecutor of Christians who has a dramatic conversion experience on the road to Damascus. He becomes the primary missionary to the Gentiles and writes many of the New Testament epistles.
• Stephen – One of the first deacons of the church and the first Christian martyr. He is stoned to death for his faith after giving a powerful speech defending the Gospel (Acts 7).
• Martyr – A person who is killed because of their faith in Jesus Christ. Stephen is the first Christian martyr, and his death marks the beginning of severe persecution against the church.
• Ascension – The event in Acts 1 where Jesus ascends into heaven after instructing His disciples to wait for the Holy Spirit and continue spreading His message.
• Ananias and Sapphira – A couple who lied about their donation to the apostles and were struck dead as a result, serving as a warning against deceit in the early church (Acts 5:1-11).
• Cornelius – A Roman centurion and the first Gentile to convert to Christianity after Peter’s vision and subsequent visit to his household (Acts 10). His conversion marks a major step in spreading the Gospel to non-Jews.
• Gentiles – Non-Jews who became recipients of the Gospel message in Acts. The inclusion of Gentiles in the church was a significant development, especially through the missionary work of Paul.
• The Council of Jerusalem – A gathering of early church leaders in Acts 15 to discuss whether Gentile converts must follow Jewish laws, particularly circumcision. The council decided that Gentiles need not follow these laws to be saved.
• Baptism – A practice of initiation into the Christian faith that features prominently in Acts. New believers are baptized, symbolizing their cleansing from sin and new life in Christ (e.g., Acts 2:38, 8:36).
• Missionary Journeys – The journeys of Paul and other apostles to spread the Gospel throughout the Roman Empire. Acts describes Paul’s three missionary journeys to regions such as Asia Minor, Greece, and Rome.
• The Early Church – The community of believers in Jesus Christ that formed after Pentecost. Acts describes their practices of fellowship, prayer, sharing possessions, and spreading the Gospel (Acts 2:42-47).
• The Road to Damascus – The location of Paul’s dramatic conversion to Christianity. On his way to persecute Christians, Paul has a vision of the risen Christ, which changes the course of his life (Acts 9:1-19).
• Barnabas – A missionary companion of Paul, known for his encouragement and support of new believers. He played a key role in welcoming Paul into the Christian community after his conversion.
• Deacons – Early church leaders chosen to serve the community and assist the apostles. Stephen, one of the first deacons, became the first Christian martyr (Acts 6:1-6).
• Antioch – A major center for early Christianity, where followers of Jesus were first called “Christians” (Acts 11:26). It served as a base for Paul’s missionary journeys.
• Philip – One of the first deacons and an evangelist who preached the Gospel in Samaria and baptized the Ethiopian eunuch, marking the spread of the Gospel beyond Jewish regions (Acts 8:4-40).
• The Ethiopian Eunuch – An official in the service of the Queen of Ethiopia who encounters Philip on his journey and is baptized after learning about Jesus (Acts 8:26-40).
• The Macedonian Call – A vision Paul receives urging him to bring the Gospel to Macedonia, marking the spread of Christianity into Europe (Acts 16:9-10).
• Lydia – A businesswoman from Philippi who becomes one of the first converts to Christianity in Europe after hearing Paul’s message (Acts 16:14-15).
• Silas – A missionary companion of Paul on his second missionary journey. He helped spread the Gospel in regions like Philippi and Thessalonica (Acts 15:40-17:14).
• Timothy – A young disciple who became a close companion and co-worker of Paul. He is mentioned in several of Paul’s letters and was instrumental in spreading the Gospel (Acts 16:1-3).
• The Areopagus – A council in Athens where Paul delivers a famous sermon about the “unknown god,” explaining the nature of the true God and the resurrection of Jesus (Acts 17:16-34).
• Ephesus – A major city where Paul spent several years preaching the Gospel, resulting in the conversion of many, but also facing strong opposition, especially from those who profited from idol worship (Acts 19).
• The Roman Empire – The ruling political entity during the time of Acts. The spread of the Gospel happens within the context of Roman authority, with apostles like Paul often encountering Roman officials and persecution.
• Felix and Festus – Roman governors who oversaw Paul’s trials. Both heard Paul’s defense of the Gospel, but neither released him, leading to Paul’s appeal to Caesar (Acts 24-25).
• Paul’s Shipwreck – A dramatic event during Paul’s journey to Rome as a prisoner, where he is shipwrecked on the island of Malta. Despite the hardships, Paul continues to witness to the Gospel (Acts 27:13-44).
• The Temple – The Jewish temple in Jerusalem, where early Christian believers worshipped and where some of the early confrontations between Christians and Jewish authorities took place (Acts 3:1-26).
• Pentecostal Power – The empowering of the apostles and early believers by the Holy Spirit at Pentecost, enabling them to speak in tongues, perform miracles, and boldly preach the Gospel (Acts 2).
• Gamaliel – A respected Pharisee and teacher of Jewish law who advised caution in persecuting the early Christians, arguing that if their movement was not of God, it would fail on its own (Acts 5:34-39).
• The Roman Citizenship of Paul – Paul’s status as a Roman citizen, which provided him certain legal protections and the right to appeal his case to Caesar in Rome (Acts 22:25-29).
• Witnesses – A key term in Acts, where the apostles are called to be witnesses to Jesus’ resurrection and to spread the Gospel “in Jerusalem, and in all Judea and Samaria, and to the ends of the earth” (Acts 1:8).

Glossary for the Book of Romans

• Romans – A letter (epistle) written by the apostle Paul to the Christians in Rome. It is one of the most theological books of the New Testament, outlining the foundations of Christian faith, salvation, and righteousness.
• Righteousness – A key theme in Romans, referring to the moral perfection required by God and provided through faith in Jesus Christ. It can also refer to being in right standing with God.
• Justification – The act by which God declares a sinner righteous through faith in Jesus Christ. Paul teaches that justification comes not through works, but by faith alone (Romans 5:1).
• Faith – Trust and belief in God’s promises, especially in Jesus Christ as the source of salvation. Paul emphasizes that salvation comes through faith, not through the works of the Law (Romans 3:28).
• Grace – God’s unmerited favor and love toward humanity, especially in providing salvation through Jesus Christ. Grace is central to Paul’s argument that salvation is a gift from God, not something earned (Romans 5:20).
• Sin – The condition of humanity’s separation from God and rebellion against His will. Paul describes sin as universal (Romans 3:23) and teaches that its consequence is death (Romans 6:23).
• Law – Refers primarily to the Mosaic Law given to Israel. In Romans, Paul discusses the purpose of the Law, showing that it reveals sin but cannot save from it (Romans 7:7).
• Redemption – The act of Christ purchasing believers’ freedom from sin through His sacrificial death. Paul explains that Jesus’ death redeems humanity from the penalty of sin (Romans 3:24).
• Propitiation – The act of appeasing God’s wrath toward sin through the sacrifice of Jesus. Paul describes Jesus as the propitiation for humanity’s sins, making reconciliation with God possible (Romans 3:25).
• Sanctification – The process of being made holy, or set apart for God. In Romans, Paul teaches that sanctification is the result of God’s transformative work in the life of a believer through the Holy Spirit (Romans 6:19-22).
• Flesh – A term Paul uses to describe the sinful nature of humanity, which is in opposition to God’s will. Living “in the flesh” means living according to sinful desires, as opposed to living “in the Spirit” (Romans 8:5-8).
• Spirit – Refers to the Holy Spirit, who dwells in believers and empowers them to live according to God’s will. Paul emphasizes that those in Christ are no longer controlled by the flesh but by the Spirit (Romans 8:9-11).
• Adam and Christ – Paul contrasts Adam, whose disobedience brought sin and death into the world, with Christ, whose obedience brings righteousness and life (Romans 5:12-21).
• Original Sin – The concept that all humanity inherited a sinful nature from Adam’s disobedience. Paul explains how sin entered the world through one man, Adam, and affected all people (Romans 5:12).
• Covenant – An agreement or relationship between God and humanity. In Romans, Paul discusses the Old Covenant (Law of Moses) and the New Covenant through faith in Christ, which brings salvation (Romans 9:4).
• Gentiles – Non-Jews. Paul emphasizes that salvation through Jesus is available to both Jews and Gentiles alike, breaking down the barriers between them (Romans 1:16, 11:13).
• Jews – God’s chosen people, to whom the Law and the promises were first given. In Romans, Paul discusses the role of the Jewish people in God’s plan and the inclusion of Gentiles in salvation (Romans 9-11).
• Gospel – The “good news” of Jesus Christ’s death and resurrection, which brings salvation to all who believe. Paul describes the Gospel as the power of God for salvation (Romans 1:16).
• Election – The doctrine that God chooses certain individuals or groups for a particular purpose or for salvation. Paul addresses the concept of election in Romans 9, focusing on God’s sovereign choice.
• Reconciliation – The restoration of a relationship between God and humanity that was broken by sin. Through Jesus, believers are reconciled to God and brought into peace with Him (Romans 5:10-11).
• Wrath of God – God’s righteous anger and judgment against sin. Paul emphasizes that all humanity is deserving of God’s wrath, but Jesus delivers believers from it through His sacrifice (Romans 1:18, 5:9).
• Predestination – The doctrine that God has foreordained all events, including the salvation of certain individuals. In Romans 8:29-30, Paul speaks of believers being “predestined to be conformed to the image of His Son.”
• Baptism – A ritual symbolizing a believer’s death to sin and new life in Christ. Paul explains that baptism represents being buried with Christ and raised to walk in newness of life (Romans 6:3-4).
• Death – Both physical and spiritual separation from God due to sin. Paul teaches that the wages of sin is death, but the gift of God is eternal life in Christ Jesus (Romans 6:23).
• Life in the Spirit – Living according to the guidance and power of the Holy Spirit, as opposed to living according to sinful desires. Paul explains that life in the Spirit leads to peace, freedom, and eternal life (Romans 8:1-11).
• Faith of Abraham – Paul uses Abraham as an example of faith, emphasizing that Abraham was justified by faith before the Law was given, making him the father of all who believe (Romans 4:1-25).
• Obedience of Faith – A phrase Paul uses to describe the natural result of true faith in Christ, which leads to a life of obedience to God’s will (Romans 1:5, 16:26).
• Adoption – The concept that believers are adopted into God’s family through faith in Jesus Christ. Paul emphasizes that believers become children of God and heirs with Christ (Romans 8:15-17).
• Confession – The act of acknowledging one’s faith in Jesus Christ. Paul teaches that salvation involves confessing with the mouth that Jesus is Lord and believing in the heart that God raised Him from the dead (Romans 10:9-10).
• Law of Moses – The commandments and regulations given to Israel in the Old Testament. In Romans, Paul discusses the limitations of the Law, which reveals sin but cannot provide salvation (Romans 7:7-12).
• Living Sacrifice – A term Paul uses in Romans 12:1 to describe the believer’s call to offer their life as a sacrifice to God, living in a way that is holy and pleasing to Him.
• Body of Christ – A metaphor used by Paul to describe the church, with individual believers functioning as different parts of a unified body, each with a unique role to play (Romans 12:4-5).
• Spiritual Gifts – Special abilities given by the Holy Spirit to believers for the building up of the church. Paul encourages believers to use their gifts to serve one another (Romans 12:6-8).
• Conscience – The inner sense of right and wrong that God has given to each person. Paul discusses how the conscience can guide one’s actions, particularly in matters of personal conviction (Romans 2:15, 14:22-23).
• Love – Paul emphasizes the importance of love in the Christian life, calling it the fulfillment of the Law. Believers are urged to love one another and their neighbors as themselves (Romans 13:8-10).

Glossary for the Book of 1 Corinthians

• Corinthians – The recipients of Paul’s letter, the Christian community in Corinth, a major Greek city known for its diversity, wealth, and moral challenges.
• Paul – The apostle who wrote 1 Corinthians to address issues of division, immorality, and doctrinal confusion in the Corinthian church, providing correction and encouragement.
• Division – A key issue in the Corinthian church, where believers were aligning themselves with different leaders (Paul, Apollos, Peter), leading to disunity. Paul calls for unity in Christ (1 Corinthians 1:10-13).
• Wisdom – In 1 Corinthians, Paul contrasts the “wisdom of the world” with the “wisdom of God,” emphasizing that true wisdom comes from the message of the cross, which appears foolish to the world (1 Corinthians 1:18-25).
• Spiritual Gifts – Abilities given by the Holy Spirit for the benefit of the church. Paul discusses gifts such as prophecy, tongues, healing, and teaching, urging believers to use them for the common good (1 Corinthians 12:1-11).
• The Body of Christ – A metaphor used by Paul to describe the church, with each believer functioning as a different part of the body. All parts are necessary and must work together for the church to thrive (1 Corinthians 12:12-27).
• Love (Agape) – The highest form of love, characterized by selflessness and concern for others. Paul describes love as the greatest virtue and the foundation of Christian life in 1 Corinthians 13, often called the “Love Chapter.”
• Sexual Immorality – A significant issue addressed by Paul in 1 Corinthians. He condemns behaviors like fornication, adultery, and incest, calling believers to honor God with their bodies (1 Corinthians 6:12-20).
• Marriage – Paul offers guidance on marriage, singleness, and sexual relations, urging spouses to be faithful to each other and encouraging believers to remain in whatever state (married or single) they find themselves, while serving God (1 Corinthians 7).
• The Lord’s Supper – Also known as Communion, a practice commemorating Jesus’ death. Paul rebukes the Corinthians for mishandling the Lord’s Supper and emphasizes its significance (1 Corinthians 11:23-29).
• Resurrection – A central doctrine of Christianity discussed in 1 Corinthians 15. Paul defends the reality of Jesus’ resurrection and explains the future resurrection of believers, giving hope for eternal life.
• The Cross – A symbol of Christ’s sacrifice and the power of God’s salvation. Paul emphasizes that the message of the cross is foolishness to those who are perishing but the power of God to those who are being saved (1 Corinthians 1:18).
• Idolatry – The worship of false gods, which was a temptation for the Corinthians. Paul warns against participating in idol feasts and teaches that believers must flee idolatry (1 Corinthians 10:14).
• Christian Liberty – The freedom believers have in Christ, particularly regarding food and drink. Paul teaches that this liberty must be exercised with love and consideration for the conscience of weaker believers (1 Corinthians 8-10).
• Apollos – A Christian teacher and leader in the early church, mentioned in 1 Corinthians. Some Corinthians aligned themselves with Apollos, leading to division, but Paul emphasizes that all leaders serve the same Lord (1 Corinthians 3:4-9).
• Spiritual Maturity – Paul criticizes the Corinthians for being spiritually immature, referring to them as “babes in Christ” who were still focused on worldly issues rather than growing in faith and understanding (1 Corinthians 3:1-3).
• Temple of the Holy Spirit – A metaphor for the believer’s body, which Paul teaches is the dwelling place of the Holy Spirit. Believers are urged to honor God with their bodies and avoid sexual immorality (1 Corinthians 6:19-20).
• Tongues – A spiritual gift involving speaking in languages unknown to the speaker. Paul discusses the proper use of tongues in the church, emphasizing the need for interpretation and orderly worship (1 Corinthians 14:1-19).
• Prophecy – Another spiritual gift that involves delivering messages from God. Paul encourages the use of prophecy over tongues in public worship, as it edifies the church (1 Corinthians 14:1-5).
• Head Coverings – A topic addressed by Paul in 1 Corinthians 11, where he discusses cultural practices related to women’s appearance during worship. The passage raises questions about authority, modesty, and propriety in worship.
• Unity in Diversity – Paul teaches that the church is made up of many different members with various gifts, but all are necessary and should work together harmoniously, just as the parts of the body do (1 Corinthians 12:12-31).
• Judgment Seat of Christ – Refers to the future judgment where believers’ works will be tested by fire to determine their eternal reward. Paul urges the Corinthians to build their lives on the foundation of Christ (1 Corinthians 3:10-15).
• Paul’s Apostleship – Throughout the letter, Paul defends his authority as an apostle, addressing criticisms and misunderstandings within the Corinthian church (1 Corinthians 9).
• Division Over Leaders – The Corinthians were divided over their loyalty to different Christian leaders (Paul, Apollos, Peter). Paul corrects them, saying that all leaders serve the same Christ (1 Corinthians 1:10-17).
• Love Feasts (Agape Feasts) – Communal meals that early Christians shared, often associated with the Lord’s Supper. Paul criticizes the Corinthians for their selfish behavior during these meals (1 Corinthians 11:20-22).
• Gifts of Healing – One of the spiritual gifts mentioned by Paul in 1 Corinthians 12:9, where certain individuals are empowered by the Holy Spirit to bring physical healing to others.
• Fruit of the Spirit – Although not explicitly detailed in 1 Corinthians (as in Galatians), Paul’s emphasis on love, unity, and the proper use of spiritual gifts reflects the character of the Holy Spirit’s work in believers.
• Stumbling Block – Paul cautions believers not to let their actions, such as eating food sacrificed to idols, become a stumbling block for weaker Christians whose consciences might be troubled (1 Corinthians 8:9-13).
• Christian Stewardship – Paul teaches that all believers are entrusted with gifts, resources, and talents that must be used for God’s glory. He encourages generous giving and responsible management of what God has provided (1 Corinthians 4:1-2).
• The Last Adam – A term Paul uses to describe Jesus Christ, who, as the “Last Adam,” brings life and salvation, in contrast to the first Adam who brought sin and death (1 Corinthians 15:45).

Glossary for the Book of Galatians

• Galatians – The recipients of Paul’s letter, a group of churches in the region of Galatia (modern-day Turkey). The letter addresses issues related to faith, freedom in Christ, and the role of the Law.
• Paul – The apostle who wrote the letter to the Galatians, defending his authority as an apostle and emphasizing salvation by faith in Christ alone, apart from the Law.
• Justification – A key theme in Galatians, referring to being declared righteous before God. Paul teaches that justification comes by faith in Jesus Christ, not by works of the Law (Galatians 2:16).
• The Law (Mosaic Law) – The commandments given by God to Moses, including the Ten Commandments and other regulations. In Galatians, Paul explains that the Law cannot justify or save, but it was meant to guide people until the coming of Christ (Galatians 3:19-24).
• Faith – Trust and belief in Jesus Christ as the basis for salvation. Paul emphasizes that faith, not adherence to the Law, is what brings justification and freedom from sin (Galatians 2:16).
• Grace – God’s unmerited favor toward humanity, given freely through Jesus Christ. Paul stresses that salvation is a gift of grace, not something earned through obedience to the Law (Galatians 1:6, 2:21).
• Freedom in Christ – A major theme in Galatians, where Paul explains that believers are freed from the bondage of the Law and sin through faith in Christ. This freedom allows them to live by the Spirit, not by fleshly desires (Galatians 5:1, 5:13).
• Circumcision – A physical sign of the covenant between God and Israel under the Law of Moses. Paul argues that circumcision is no longer necessary for salvation in Christ and warns the Galatians not to rely on outward rituals for justification (Galatians 5:2-6).
• Judaizers – A group of people in the early church who insisted that Gentile Christians must observe the Mosaic Law, including circumcision, to be saved. Paul opposes their teachings in Galatians (Galatians 1:6-9).
• Works of the Law – Refers to actions performed in obedience to the Mosaic Law. Paul argues that works of the Law cannot justify a person before God; only faith in Christ can (Galatians 2:16).
• The Flesh – In Galatians, Paul uses “the flesh” to describe the sinful nature that opposes the Spirit. Living according to the flesh leads to sin, but living by the Spirit brings life and freedom (Galatians 5:16-17).
• The Spirit – Refers to the Holy Spirit, who empowers believers to live godly lives and produces spiritual fruit in them. Paul contrasts life in the Spirit with life according to the flesh (Galatians 5:16-26).
• Fruit of the Spirit – A list of virtues produced by the Holy Spirit in the life of a believer. These include love, joy, peace, patience, kindness, goodness, faithfulness, gentleness, and self-control (Galatians 5:22-23).
• Abraham – The patriarch of Israel, whose faith was credited as righteousness. Paul uses Abraham as an example of justification by faith, showing that righteousness comes through believing God, not through the Law (Galatians 3:6-9).
• The Gospel – The “good news” of Jesus Christ’s death and resurrection, bringing salvation to all who believe. Paul warns the Galatians not to turn to a distorted version of the Gospel promoted by the Judaizers (Galatians 1:6-9).
• Legalism – The belief that obedience to the Law is necessary for salvation. Paul opposes this idea in Galatians, arguing that salvation comes through faith in Christ, not by following the Law (Galatians 2:21, 5:4).
• The New Creation – Paul speaks of believers in Christ as a “new creation,” meaning that they are transformed by faith and no longer bound by the old ways of sin and the Law (Galatians 6:15).
• The Curse of the Law – Refers to the consequences of failing to perfectly keep the Mosaic Law, which brings a curse. Paul explains that Christ redeemed believers from this curse by becoming a curse for them on the cross (Galatians 3:10-14).
• The Promise – Refers to the promises God made to Abraham, particularly the promise of blessing through his descendants. Paul teaches that the promises were fulfilled in Christ and are received by faith, not by the Law (Galatians 3:15-18).
• Adoption – The process by which believers are made children of God through faith in Christ. Paul teaches that believers are no longer slaves but sons and daughters of God, with all the rights of heirs (Galatians 4:5-7).
• Heirs – Those who receive an inheritance. In Galatians, Paul describes believers as heirs of God’s promises through faith in Christ, sharing in the blessings promised to Abraham (Galatians 3:29, 4:7).
• The Old Covenant – The covenant between God and Israel based on the Law given to Moses. Paul contrasts the Old Covenant with the New Covenant in Christ, which brings freedom from the Law (Galatians 4:21-31).
• The New Covenant – The new relationship between God and humanity established by Jesus’ death and resurrection. It is based on faith in Christ, not adherence to the Law, and brings forgiveness and the indwelling of the Holy Spirit (Galatians 3:14).
• Peter (Cephas) – An apostle and leader of the early church. In Galatians, Paul recounts a confrontation with Peter over his behavior toward Gentile Christians, emphasizing that justification is by faith, not by observing Jewish customs (Galatians 2:11-14).
• Paul’s Apostleship – In Galatians, Paul defends his authority as an apostle, emphasizing that his Gospel message came directly from Christ and not from human sources (Galatians 1:1, 1:11-12).
• Freedom – The liberty believers have in Christ, free from the requirements and penalties of the Law. Paul urges the Galatians to stand firm in their freedom and not to submit again to the yoke of slavery (Galatians 5:1).
• Love – The guiding principle of the Christian life. Paul teaches that the whole Law is fulfilled in the command to love one’s neighbor as oneself, and that believers should use their freedom to serve one another in love (Galatians 5:13-14).
• Burden Bearing – Paul instructs believers to “bear one another’s burdens,” meaning they should help and support one another in times of difficulty, fulfilling the law of Christ (Galatians 6:2).
• Boasting in the Cross – In contrast to boasting in outward religious practices like circumcision, Paul teaches that the only thing believers should boast in is the cross of Christ, which brings salvation and new life (Galatians 6:14).
• False Teachers – Paul warns the Galatians about false teachers (the Judaizers) who were distorting the Gospel by insisting that Gentiles must follow the Mosaic Law to be saved (Galatians 1:6-9).
• False Teachers – Paul warns the Galatians about false teachers (the Judaizers) who were distorting the Gospel by insisting that Gentiles must follow the Mosaic Law to be saved (Galatians 1:6-9).

Glossary for the Book of Ephesians

• Ephesians – The recipients of Paul’s letter, the Christian community in Ephesus. The letter emphasizes unity in Christ, salvation by grace, and the practical outworking of faith in everyday life.
• Paul – The apostle who wrote the letter to the Ephesians. His letter covers key doctrinal issues, particularly the nature of the church, the believer’s identity in Christ, and how to live a holy life.
• Grace – God’s unmerited favor toward humanity, especially in providing salvation through Jesus Christ. Paul emphasizes that salvation is by grace through faith, not by works (Ephesians 2:8-9).
• Faith – Trust and belief in God’s promises, especially in Jesus Christ as the source of salvation. Paul stresses that faith, not human effort, is the means by which people are saved (Ephesians 2:8).
• Church – The body of believers in Jesus Christ, often referred to as the “body of Christ.” Paul teaches that the church is a unified community of Jews and Gentiles, reconciled to God through Christ (Ephesians 1:22-23, 2:11-22).
• Redemption – The act of Christ purchasing believers’ freedom from sin through His sacrificial death. Paul emphasizes that through Jesus, believers have redemption and the forgiveness of sins (Ephesians 1:7).
• Unity – A central theme in Ephesians, where Paul urges believers to maintain the unity of the Spirit through the bond of peace. The letter stresses the oneness of the church as the body of Christ (Ephesians 4:3-6).
• Spiritual Blessings – Paul opens Ephesians by listing the spiritual blessings believers have in Christ, including election, adoption, redemption, and the sealing of the Holy Spirit (Ephesians 1:3-14).
• Mystery – Refers to God’s plan of salvation, which was previously hidden but is now revealed through Christ. The mystery, as Paul explains, is that Gentiles are fellow heirs with the Jews in God’s family (Ephesians 3:3-6).
• Predestination – The doctrine that God has chosen believers for salvation before the foundation of the world. Paul speaks of predestination as part of God’s eternal plan in Christ (Ephesians 1:4-5, 11).
• Salvation – The deliverance from sin and death that comes through faith in Jesus Christ. In Ephesians, Paul emphasizes that salvation is a gift from God, not something earned (Ephesians 2:8-9).
• Peace – Paul emphasizes the peace that Christ brings between God and humanity, as well as among believers. Christ is described as “our peace” who has broken down the barrier between Jews and Gentiles (Ephesians 2:14).
• The Armor of God – A metaphor used by Paul to describe the spiritual tools believers need to stand firm against evil. These include the belt of truth, breastplate of righteousness, shield of faith, and sword of the Spirit (Ephesians 6:10-17).
• Sealed with the Holy Spirit – Paul teaches that believers are marked or sealed with the Holy Spirit, a guarantee of their inheritance and a sign of their belonging to God (Ephesians 1:13-14).
• Works – Good deeds that flow from faith. While Paul stresses that salvation is not earned by works, he also emphasizes that believers are created in Christ Jesus to do good works (Ephesians 2:10).
• Reconciliation – The act of restoring a broken relationship. In Ephesians, Paul explains that Christ’s death reconciles both Jews and Gentiles to God and to each other, forming one unified body (Ephesians 2:16).
• Apostles and Prophets – Paul refers to apostles and prophets as the foundation of the church, with Christ as the cornerstone. These leaders played key roles in establishing and teaching the early church (Ephesians 2:20, 4:11).
• The Fullness of Christ – Refers to the complete and perfect nature of Jesus, which believers are called to grow into. Paul encourages the church to mature and reach the “fullness of Christ” (Ephesians 4:13).
• The New Self – A term Paul uses to describe the new identity believers have in Christ. He encourages believers to put off the old self, characterized by sin, and put on the new self, created to be like God in righteousness and holiness (Ephesians 4:22-24).
• Gentiles – Non-Jews. In Ephesians, Paul emphasizes that Gentiles are no longer excluded from God’s promises but are fellow citizens with the saints and members of God’s household (Ephesians 2:11-13, 3:6).
• Spiritual Gifts – Special abilities given by the Holy Spirit to believers for the building up of the church. Paul speaks of different roles, such as apostles, prophets, evangelists, pastors, and teachers, as gifts to the church (Ephesians 4:11-13).
• Household Code – Paul’s instructions for Christian households, including how husbands, wives, parents, children, and slaves should relate to one another in a Christ-honoring way (Ephesians 5:21-6:9).
• Forgiveness – Paul teaches that, just as God has forgiven believers in Christ, they are to forgive one another. Forgiveness is a key characteristic of the new life in Christ (Ephesians 4:32).
• The Old Self – The sinful nature or former way of life that believers are called to abandon. Paul urges believers to put off the old self and its deceitful desires (Ephesians 4:22).
• Heavenly Places – A phrase Paul uses to describe the spiritual realm where Christ reigns and believers are seated with Him. It reflects the believer’s spiritual position in Christ (Ephesians 1:3, 2:6).
• Redemption through His Blood – Refers to the salvation and forgiveness believers receive through the sacrificial death of Jesus Christ. His blood represents the payment for sin and the basis for redemption (Ephesians 1:7).
• The Body of Christ – A metaphor for the church, where Christ is the head and believers are members of His body. Paul emphasizes the unity and interdependence of the body (Ephesians 1:22-23, 4:15-16).
• Submission – A principle Paul addresses in the context of relationships within the church and the household. He encourages mutual submission out of reverence for Christ (Ephesians 5:21).
• Saints – A term Paul uses to describe all believers who are set apart for God. In Ephesians, Paul frequently refers to the church members as “saints” or “holy ones” (Ephesians 1:1, 1:18).
• Love – A central theme in Ephesians, where Paul encourages believers to walk in love, just as Christ loved them and gave Himself up for them (Ephesians 5:1-2). Love is the mark of a mature Christian life.

Glossary for the Book of Philippians

• Philippians – The recipients of Paul’s letter, the Christian community in Philippi, a Roman colony in Macedonia. The letter focuses on joy, unity, and perseverance in the faith despite suffering.
• Paul – The apostle who wrote the letter to the Philippians while imprisoned. His letter is filled with encouragement, gratitude, and teaching on living a Christ-centered life.
• Joy – A central theme in Philippians. Despite Paul’s imprisonment, he repeatedly emphasizes the importance of joy in the Christian life, rooted in a relationship with Christ (Philippians 4:4).
• Rejoice – An instruction from Paul to the Philippians, encouraging them to take joy in their faith and in the Lord, regardless of their circumstances (Philippians 4:4).
• Christ Hymn – A passage in Philippians 2:5-11, often considered an early Christian hymn, describing Jesus’ humility, incarnation, obedience to death on the cross, and exaltation by God.
• Humility – A key virtue Paul emphasizes in Philippians, urging believers to follow Christ’s example of humility by putting others before themselves (Philippians 2:3-8).
• Unity – Paul encourages the Philippians to stand firm in one spirit and to be united in their love for one another and their common purpose in Christ (Philippians 2:2, 4:2-3).
• Citizenship in Heaven – A phrase Paul uses to remind the Philippians that their true citizenship is not in this world, but in heaven, where they await the return of Christ (Philippians 3:20).
• Contentment – Paul expresses that he has learned to be content in all circumstances, whether in need or in abundance, through the strength Christ provides (Philippians 4:11-13).
• Partnership in the Gospel – Paul thanks the Philippians for their partnership in spreading the Gospel, particularly through their financial support and prayers (Philippians 1:3-5).
• Imitation of Christ – Paul urges the Philippians to follow Christ’s example of humility, selflessness, and obedience to God’s will (Philippians 2:5-8).
• The Day of Christ – Refers to the future return of Christ, when believers will be fully redeemed and Christ’s work in them will be complete (Philippians 1:6, 1:10).
• Prayer – Paul encourages the Philippians to pray with thanksgiving, presenting their requests to God, promising that this will lead to peace that surpasses all understanding (Philippians 4:6-7).
• Gospel – The “good news” of Jesus Christ’s death and resurrection. Paul speaks of the Philippians’ role in sharing the Gospel and encourages them to live in a manner worthy of it (Philippians 1:27).
• Selflessness – A characteristic Paul highlights in his letter, urging believers to look not only to their own interests but also to the interests of others, following Christ’s example (Philippians 2:3-4).
• Epaphroditus – A member of the Philippian church who brought support to Paul while he was in prison. Paul commends Epaphroditus for his faithful service and tells of his near-death experience (Philippians 2:25-30).
• Pressing On – Paul uses this phrase to describe his pursuit of knowing Christ more fully and reaching the goal of eternal life, encouraging the Philippians to continue growing in their faith (Philippians 3:12-14).
• Righteousness Through Faith – Paul contrasts righteousness based on the Law with righteousness that comes through faith in Christ. He emphasizes that salvation is found in knowing Christ, not in following the Law (Philippians 3:8-9).
• Peace of God – Paul promises that the peace of God, which surpasses all understanding, will guard the hearts and minds of believers who trust in Him and pray with thanksgiving (Philippians 4:7).
• Work Out Your Salvation – A phrase Paul uses to encourage believers to live out their faith actively and to cooperate with God’s ongoing work in their lives (Philippians 2:12-13).
• The Mind of Christ – Paul encourages the Philippians to adopt the attitude of Christ, characterized by humility, obedience, and self-sacrifice (Philippians 2:5-8).
• Timothy – A close companion and co-worker of Paul. In Philippians, Paul commends Timothy’s genuine concern for the welfare of the Philippians and his faithfulness in the ministry (Philippians 2:19-22).
• False Teachers – Paul warns the Philippians about false teachers, particularly those who promote legalism and insist on circumcision, reminding them that righteousness comes through faith in Christ, not by following the Law (Philippians 3:2-3).
• To Live is Christ, To Die is Gain – A phrase Paul uses to express his devotion to Christ, stating that living means serving Christ, while dying means being with Christ, which is even better (Philippians 1:21).
• Fruit of Righteousness – Refers to the good works and godly character that result from living in obedience to Christ. Paul prays that the Philippians will be filled with this fruit (Philippians 1:11).
• Confidence in Christ – Paul expresses confidence that God, who began a good work in the Philippians, will carry it on to completion until the day of Christ Jesus (Philippians 1:6).
• Exaltation of Christ – After describing Jesus’ humility and obedience to death on a cross, Paul explains that God exalted Him to the highest place, giving Him the name above all names (Philippians 2:9-11).
• The Resurrection – Paul expresses his desire to know Christ and the power of His resurrection, and to attain resurrection from the dead, sharing in Christ’s sufferings and becoming like Him in death (Philippians 3:10-11).
• Heavenly Prize – The goal Paul strives toward, which is the prize of eternal life with Christ. He encourages the Philippians to press on toward this goal, living with an eternal perspective (Philippians 3:14).
• Fellowship in Suffering – Paul speaks of sharing in Christ’s sufferings, suggesting that suffering for the sake of Christ brings believers into deeper fellowship with Him (Philippians 3:10).

Glossary for the Book of Colossians

• Colossians – The recipients of Paul’s letter, the Christian community in the city of Colossae. The letter focuses on the supremacy of Christ and warns against false teachings.
• Paul – The apostle who wrote the letter to the Colossians. He addresses the believers to strengthen their faith in Christ and refute false teachings that were infiltrating the church.
• Supremacy of Christ – A central theme in Colossians. Paul emphasizes that Jesus is above all things, the Creator and sustainer of the universe, and the head of the church (Colossians 1:15-20).
• Firstborn – Refers to Christ’s preeminence and authority over all creation, as He is the “firstborn” of all creation and the “firstborn” from the dead, signifying His rank and resurrection power (Colossians 1:15, 1:18).
• Fullness of God – Paul teaches that in Christ, the fullness of God dwells in bodily form, affirming the deity of Jesus and His complete representation of God on earth (Colossians 1:19, 2:9).
• Mystery – A term used by Paul to describe God’s plan of salvation through Christ, which was previously hidden but is now revealed. The mystery is that Christ is in believers, giving them hope of glory (Colossians 1:26-27).
• Redemption – The act of Christ purchasing believers’ freedom from sin through His sacrificial death. Paul reminds the Colossians that they have been redeemed and forgiven in Christ (Colossians 1:14).
• Image of the Invisible God – A title for Christ, emphasizing that Jesus is the perfect representation of God, making the invisible God visible to humanity (Colossians 1:15).
• Reconciliation – The restoration of a broken relationship. Through Christ’s death, believers are reconciled to God and can now stand blameless before Him (Colossians 1:20-22).
• Spiritual Growth – Paul encourages the Colossians to grow in knowledge, wisdom, and understanding, living lives worthy of the Lord and bearing fruit in every good work (Colossians 1:9-10).
• Rooted in Christ – A metaphor Paul uses to describe how believers should be firmly grounded in Christ, drawing strength and nourishment from Him (Colossians 2:6-7).
• False Teaching – Paul warns the Colossians against deceptive philosophies, human traditions, and teachings that are not based on Christ. These teachings likely involved a mixture of legalism, mysticism, and asceticism (Colossians 2:8, 2:16-23).
• Circumcision of the Heart – Paul explains that in Christ, believers undergo a spiritual circumcision, putting off their sinful nature, symbolized by the death and resurrection of Christ (Colossians 2:11-12).
• New Self – A term Paul uses to describe the transformation of believers. They are called to put off the old self, characterized by sin, and put on the new self, which is being renewed in the image of God (Colossians 3:9-10).
• Old Self – The sinful nature and behaviors associated with life before knowing Christ. Paul urges believers to “put to death” these behaviors, such as immorality, anger, and lying (Colossians 3:5-9).
• Forgiveness – Paul teaches that just as the Lord has forgiven believers, they are to forgive others. Forgiveness is a key part of Christian conduct (Colossians 3:13).
• Household Code – Instructions Paul gives to Christian households, detailing how relationships between husbands, wives, parents, children, and slaves should reflect their faith in Christ (Colossians 3:18-4:1).
• Wisdom – Paul encourages believers to seek spiritual wisdom and understanding, which comes from knowing Christ. This wisdom allows believers to live in a way that pleases God (Colossians 1:9, 3:16).
• Christ the Head – Paul emphasizes that Christ is the head of the church, meaning He is the supreme authority over all believers. The church, as His body, is subject to His leadership (Colossians 1:18, 2:19).
• Principalities and Powers – Refers to spiritual forces and authorities, both earthly and heavenly. Paul teaches that Christ has triumphed over these powers through His death and resurrection (Colossians 2:15).
• Baptism – A symbolic act of being buried and raised with Christ, representing the believer’s identification with Jesus’ death and resurrection and the new life they receive in Him (Colossians 2:12).
• Peace of Christ – Paul instructs the Colossians to let the peace of Christ rule in their hearts, guiding their relationships and decisions as members of one body (Colossians 3:15).
• Thanksgiving – Gratitude is a recurring theme in Colossians. Paul encourages believers to live in a state of thankfulness to God for all He has done in Christ (Colossians 2:7, 3:17, 4:2).
• Word of Christ – Paul exhorts the Colossians to let the word of Christ dwell in them richly, teaching and encouraging one another with wisdom through psalms, hymns, and spiritual songs (Colossians 3:16).
• Put to Death – A phrase Paul uses to describe how believers must actively reject sinful behaviors and desires, such as sexual immorality, greed, and anger, as part of their new life in Christ (Colossians 3:5).
• Visible and Invisible – Paul teaches that Christ is the creator of all things, both visible (physical) and invisible (spiritual), affirming His supremacy over all realms of existence (Colossians 1:16).
• Slaves and Masters – In his household code, Paul addresses the relationships between slaves and masters, encouraging them to act justly and fairly, knowing that they serve the same Lord (Colossians 3:22-4:1).
• Epaphras – A co-worker of Paul who was instrumental in establishing the church in Colossae. Paul commends Epaphras for his faithful service and prayers on behalf of the Colossians (Colossians 1:7, 4:12).
• Prayer – Paul encourages the Colossians to devote themselves to prayer, being watchful and thankful. Prayer is a central part of the believer’s life and relationship with God (Colossians 4:2).
• Hidden with Christ – A phrase Paul uses to describe the believer’s secure position in Christ. Their life is “hidden” with Christ in God, symbolizing protection and the future hope of glory (Colossians 3:3-4).

Glossary for the Book of 1 Thessalonians

• Thessalonians – The recipients of Paul’s letter, the Christian community in Thessalonica, a city in Macedonia. The letter focuses on encouragement, holiness, and the second coming of Christ.
• Paul – The apostle who wrote 1 Thessalonians. He expresses gratitude for the Thessalonians’ faith, love, and perseverance, offering guidance and hope concerning the return of Christ.
• Silas (Silvanus) – A companion of Paul who helped establish the church in Thessalonica. He is mentioned as a co-author of the letter (1 Thessalonians 1:1).
• Timothy – A close co-worker of Paul, who visited the Thessalonians to encourage them and brought back a positive report about their faith. Timothy’s report led Paul to write this letter (1 Thessalonians 3:2, 6).
• Faith – Paul commends the Thessalonians for their strong faith in the midst of persecution and encourages them to continue growing in their faith (1 Thessalonians 1:3, 3:10).
• Love – Paul highlights the Thessalonians’ love for one another and encourages them to continue loving others even more, as a mark of their Christian life (1 Thessalonians 1:3, 4:9-10).
• Hope – A key theme in 1 Thessalonians, focusing on the hope believers have in the return of Jesus Christ and the resurrection of the dead (1 Thessalonians 1:3, 4:13-18).
• Second Coming (Parousia) – Refers to the future return of Jesus Christ. Paul offers hope and encouragement by teaching that Jesus will come again to raise the dead and gather believers (1 Thessalonians 4:15-17).
• Resurrection – The event where the dead in Christ will be raised at His second coming. Paul comforts the Thessalonians by assuring them that deceased believers will be resurrected to eternal life (1 Thessalonians 4:16).
• Holiness – Paul calls the Thessalonians to live holy lives, abstaining from sexual immorality and conducting themselves in a way that pleases God (1 Thessalonians 4:3-7).
• Sexual Immorality – A specific sin Paul addresses, urging the Thessalonians to avoid sexual immorality and to live in holiness and honor (1 Thessalonians 4:3-7).
• Encouragement – Paul frequently encourages the Thessalonians to stay strong in their faith, love one another, and comfort each other, especially regarding the hope of Christ’s return (1 Thessalonians 4:18, 5:11).
• Sanctification – The process of being made holy. Paul emphasizes that God’s will for the Thessalonians is their sanctification, especially in their moral purity and conduct (1 Thessalonians 4:3).
• Wrath – Paul assures the Thessalonians that they are not destined for God’s wrath, but for salvation through Jesus Christ. This refers to the final judgment and punishment for sin (1 Thessalonians 1:10, 5:9).
• The Day of the Lord – Refers to the future day of Christ’s return and judgment. Paul teaches that this day will come unexpectedly, like a thief in the night, and urges believers to stay watchful and prepared (1 Thessalonians 5:2-4).
• Labor of Love – A phrase Paul uses to commend the Thessalonians for their acts of love, showing how their faith is expressed in loving service to others (1 Thessalonians 1:3).
• Imitators – Paul commends the Thessalonians for imitating him, Silas, and the Lord in how they embraced the Gospel and endured suffering with joy (1 Thessalonians 1:6).
• Joy in the Holy Spirit – Despite persecution, the Thessalonians received the Gospel with joy that came from the Holy Spirit. Paul emphasizes that true joy is found in God’s presence, even in hardship (1 Thessalonians 1:6).
• The Gospel – The “good news” of Jesus Christ’s death and resurrection. Paul expresses gratitude for how the Thessalonians received the Gospel and became examples to other believers (1 Thessalonians 1:5-8).
• Labor and Toil – Paul reminds the Thessalonians that he, Silas, and Timothy worked hard while they were among them, supporting themselves so as not to burden the church (1 Thessalonians 2:9).
• Brotherly Love – Paul encourages the Thessalonians to continue growing in love for one another and for all people, as love is central to the Christian faith (1 Thessalonians 4:9-10).
• Idleness – Paul warns against idleness and encourages the Thessalonians to work diligently and live in a way that commands respect from outsiders (1 Thessalonians 4:11-12).
• Vigilance – In light of the coming Day of the Lord, Paul urges believers to be spiritually awake and alert, living in readiness for Christ’s return (1 Thessalonians 5:6-8).
• Armor of Faith and Love – Paul uses the metaphor of armor to describe how believers should protect themselves spiritually, putting on faith and love as a breastplate and the hope of salvation as a helmet (1 Thessalonians 5:8).
• Prayer – Paul instructs the Thessalonians to “pray without ceasing,” highlighting the importance of constant communication with God as part of their daily life (1 Thessalonians 5:17).
• Thanksgiving – A recurring theme in the letter. Paul models thanksgiving for the Thessalonians’ faith and growth, and encourages them to give thanks in all circumstances (1 Thessalonians 5:18).
• Blameless – Paul prays that the Thessalonians may be kept blameless in holiness at the coming of the Lord, emphasizing the importance of purity and integrity in Christian living (1 Thessalonians 5:23).
• Peace – Paul emphasizes the peace that God gives to believers. He concludes his letter by praying that the “God of peace” would sanctify the Thessalonians completely (1 Thessalonians 5:23).
• Spiritual Leadership – Paul urges the Thessalonians to respect and acknowledge their leaders, who work hard to guide and care for the church (1 Thessalonians 5:12-13).
• Testing Prophecies – Paul instructs the church not to despise prophecies, but to test them and hold on to what is good, discerning truth from falsehood (1 Thessalonians 5:20-21).

Glossary for the Book of 2 Thessalonians

• 2 Thessalonians – The second letter Paul wrote to the church in Thessalonica, providing further instruction and encouragement, particularly concerning the second coming of Christ and the problem of idleness.
• Paul – The apostle who wrote 2 Thessalonians. In this letter, he encourages the believers to stand firm in their faith and addresses confusion about the timing of Christ’s return.
• Silas (Silvanus) – A companion of Paul who co-authored the letter to the Thessalonians. He helped establish the church in Thessalonica (2 Thessalonians 1:1).
• Timothy – A close co-worker of Paul who co-authored the letter to the Thessalonians. He had a significant role in supporting and encouraging the Thessalonian church (2 Thessalonians 1:1).
• Second Coming (Parousia) – The future return of Jesus Christ. Paul emphasizes that Christ’s second coming will not happen until certain events take place, including the rebellion and the revelation of the man of lawlessness (2 Thessalonians 2:1-4).
• Man of Lawlessness – A mysterious figure associated with rebellion against God who will be revealed before Christ’s return. This person opposes and exalts himself against God, claiming to be divine (2 Thessalonians 2:3-4).
• Day of the Lord – Refers to the final day of judgment and Christ’s return. Paul clarifies that this day has not yet come and cautions the Thessalonians against being deceived by false teachings (2 Thessalonians 2:2).
• Rebellion – A term Paul uses to describe a future widespread apostasy or rebellion against God that must occur before the second coming of Christ (2 Thessalonians 2:3).
• Restraining Power – Refers to a force or person that restrains the man of lawlessness from being revealed until the appropriate time. This concept remains somewhat mysterious (2 Thessalonians 2:6-7).
• Persecution – The Thessalonian believers were experiencing suffering and persecution for their faith. Paul encourages them to endure and assures them that God will repay those who persecute them (2 Thessalonians 1:4-6).
• Eternal Destruction – A term Paul uses to describe the punishment of those who do not know God or obey the Gospel of Jesus Christ. They will be separated from God’s presence eternally (2 Thessalonians 1:9).
• Deception – Paul warns the Thessalonians not to be deceived by false teachings about the second coming of Christ or by those claiming the Day of the Lord has already occurred (2 Thessalonians 2:3).
• Signs and Wonders – Paul explains that the man of lawlessness will perform false signs and wonders with Satan’s power to deceive those who reject the truth of the Gospel (2 Thessalonians 2:9-10).
• Idleness – A problem in the Thessalonian church where some members had stopped working, possibly due to a misunderstanding of the second coming. Paul instructs them to work quietly and not be idle (2 Thessalonians 3:6-12).
• Discipline – Paul advises the Thessalonians to keep away from any believer who is idle and not living according to the teachings of the Gospel. This form of discipline is meant to correct behavior (2 Thessalonians 3:6).
• Prayer – Paul frequently encourages the Thessalonians to pray, asking for prayer himself that the message of the Gospel would spread quickly and that he would be delivered from wicked people (2 Thessalonians 3:1-2).
• Sanctification – The process of being made holy. Paul prays that the Lord would sanctify the Thessalonians, keeping them blameless until the coming of Christ (2 Thessalonians 2:13-14).
• Glorification – The final state of believers, where they will be glorified with Christ when He returns. Paul speaks of believers sharing in the glory of Christ at His second coming (2 Thessalonians 1:10, 2:14).
• Eternal Comfort – Paul encourages the Thessalonians by reminding them that God gives eternal comfort and hope through grace, even in the midst of trials and suffering (2 Thessalonians 2:16).
• Judgment – Paul explains that God’s righteous judgment will be revealed at the second coming, when those who reject the Gospel will face punishment, while believers will receive relief and vindication (2 Thessalonians 1:5-8).
• Love of the Truth – Paul describes how those who are deceived by the man of lawlessness will perish because they refused to love the truth of the Gospel, leading to their condemnation (2 Thessalonians 2:10).
• Peace of Christ – Paul concludes his letter by praying that the Lord of peace will give the Thessalonians peace at all times and in every way, reinforcing the idea of Christ’s peace despite external challenges (2 Thessalonians 3:16).
• Standing Firm – Paul exhorts the Thessalonians to stand firm and hold fast to the teachings they received, both through his letters and his preaching, to avoid being swayed by false teachings (2 Thessalonians 2:15).
• Good Works – Paul encourages the Thessalonians to continue in good works, which flow from their faith, and he prays that God would strengthen them in every good deed and word (2 Thessalonians 2:17).
• Strength – Paul prays that the Lord would strengthen the hearts of the Thessalonians, enabling them to stand firm in their faith and resist deception and persecution (2 Thessalonians 3:3).

Glossary for the Book of 1 Timothy

• 1 Timothy – A letter written by the apostle Paul to his protégé, Timothy, providing guidance on church leadership, sound teaching, and godly living.
• Paul – The apostle who authored 1 Timothy. He writes to instruct Timothy on managing the church at Ephesus, combating false teachings, and establishing proper church order.
• Timothy – A young leader and close companion of Paul. Timothy was left in Ephesus to oversee the church, and Paul writes this letter to encourage and guide him in his pastoral duties.
• Sound Doctrine – Correct and healthy teaching that aligns with the Gospel of Jesus Christ. Paul urges Timothy to teach and uphold sound doctrine to protect the church from false teachings (1 Timothy 1:3, 6:3).
• False Teachers – Individuals promoting teachings that deviate from the Gospel, often involving myths, genealogies, or legalistic rules. Paul warns Timothy about these teachers and their potential to lead believers astray (1 Timothy 1:3-7, 4:1-3).
• Law – The Mosaic Law given to Israel. Paul clarifies that the law is good when used properly, primarily to expose sin and lead people to Christ, not as a means of salvation (1 Timothy 1:8-11).
• Prayer – An essential practice for the Christian life. Paul instructs Timothy to lead the church in prayers, intercessions, and thanksgivings for all people, including those in authority (1 Timothy 2:1-2).
• Godliness – A life characterized by devotion to God and moral integrity. Paul frequently encourages Timothy to pursue godliness as a priority in the Christian life (1 Timothy 4:7-8, 6:6).
• Elders – Leaders in the church responsible for teaching, shepherding, and overseeing the congregation. Paul provides qualifications for elders, emphasizing their character, ability to teach, and family life (1 Timothy 3:1-7, 5:17-20).
• Deacons – Church servants who assist the elders and manage practical needs within the church. Paul lists qualifications for deacons, including being worthy of respect, sincere, and managing their families well (1 Timothy 3:8-13).
• Overseer – Another term for an elder or bishop in the church. Paul provides qualifications for overseers, emphasizing qualities such as being above reproach, self-controlled, and able to teach (1 Timothy 3:1-7).
• The Mystery of Godliness – Refers to the revealed truth of the Christian faith, especially concerning the person and work of Jesus Christ. Paul summarizes this mystery in a creedal statement about Christ’s incarnation, resurrection, and exaltation (1 Timothy 3:16).
• Apostasy – The act of abandoning or renouncing one’s faith. Paul warns that in later times some will fall away from the faith, following deceitful spirits and teachings of demons (1 Timothy 4:1).
• Widow – A woman whose husband has died. Paul gives instructions on caring for widows in the church, distinguishing between those who are truly in need and those with family support (1 Timothy 5:3-16).
• Qualifications for Leaders – Paul outlines specific qualifications for church leaders, including elders and deacons. These include character traits such as being above reproach, faithful in marriage, self-controlled, and hospitable (1 Timothy 3:1-13).
• Modesty – Paul encourages women to dress modestly and with self-control, focusing on good deeds rather than outward appearance as a sign of true godliness (1 Timothy 2:9-10).
• Teaching and Authority – Paul addresses the roles of men and women in the church, particularly regarding teaching and authority. He instructs that women should learn quietly and not have authority over men in the context of church teaching (1 Timothy 2:11-12).
• Good Conscience – A clear and sincere awareness of living in a way that aligns with God’s truth. Paul emphasizes the importance of holding onto faith and a good conscience to avoid spiritual shipwreck (1 Timothy 1:5, 1:19).
• Discipline – Paul instructs Timothy on how to handle sin and disorder within the church, including the process of rebuking elders publicly if they persist in sin and how to deal with false teachers (1 Timothy 5:19-20).
• The Love of Money – Paul warns against the dangers of greed, stating that the love of money is the root of all kinds of evil. He encourages contentment and warns believers not to desire to be rich (1 Timothy 6:9-10).
• Sound Words – Paul describes his teachings as “sound words,” urging Timothy to guard the Gospel message and pass it on faithfully without alteration (1 Timothy 6:3, 6:20).
• Contentment – Paul teaches that godliness with contentment is great gain. He encourages believers to be content with what they have, warning against the pursuit of wealth (1 Timothy 6:6-8).
• Fight the Good Fight – An exhortation Paul gives to Timothy, encouraging him to persevere in his ministry, holding firmly to his faith, and striving for the goal of eternal life (1 Timothy 6:12).
• Charge – A solemn command or instruction. Paul frequently “charges” Timothy to teach sound doctrine, guard the Gospel, and faithfully fulfill his ministry duties (1 Timothy 1:18, 6:13-14).
• Honor – Paul speaks about showing honor to various groups within the church, including elders, widows, and masters. This includes respecting and caring for those in leadership and need (1 Timothy 5:3, 5:17, 6:1).
• Pastoral Care – Paul gives Timothy instructions on how to care for different members of the church, including correcting false teachings, supporting widows, and ensuring fair treatment of elders (1 Timothy 5).
• Immorality – Sinful behavior that goes against God’s moral standards. Paul warns against immorality and encourages Timothy to flee from youthful passions and pursue righteousness (1 Timothy 1:9-10, 4:12).
• Good Deeds – Paul encourages the rich and all believers to be rich in good deeds, generous, and willing to share, storing up treasure in heaven rather than on earth (1 Timothy 6:18-19).
• Sober-minded – Being clear-headed and self-controlled. Paul encourages this trait, particularly for church leaders, as it reflects spiritual maturity and readiness to face challenges (1 Timothy 3:2, 3:11).
• Diligence – Paul urges Timothy to be diligent in his duties as a church leader, to devote himself to reading Scripture, teaching, and setting an example for the believers (1 Timothy 4:13-16).

Glossary for the Book of 2 Timothy

• 2 Timothy – The second letter Paul wrote to Timothy, often considered his final epistle. In this personal and emotional letter, Paul encourages Timothy to remain faithful amidst trials and to continue preaching the Gospel.
• Paul – The apostle who authored 2 Timothy. Writing from a Roman prison, Paul gives his final instructions to Timothy, urging him to remain steadfast in the faith and to carry on the work of the Gospel.
• Timothy – A young pastor and close companion of Paul. Timothy was leading the church in Ephesus, and Paul writes to encourage him to be courageous, diligent, and faithful in his ministry.
• Gospel – The “good news” of Jesus Christ’s death and resurrection. Paul urges Timothy to continue preaching the Gospel, even in the face of suffering and opposition (2 Timothy 1:8-10).
• Faithfulness – A key theme in 2 Timothy. Paul encourages Timothy to remain faithful to the Gospel message, to his calling, and to the truth of God’s Word (2 Timothy 2:2, 4:7).
• Suffering – Paul speaks of suffering as an inevitable part of the Christian life and ministry. He encourages Timothy to endure suffering for the sake of the Gospel, following the example of Christ and Paul himself (2 Timothy 1:8, 2:3).
• Sound Doctrine – Correct teaching based on the truth of the Gospel. Paul emphasizes the importance of maintaining sound doctrine and guarding the truth against false teachings (2 Timothy 1:13, 4:3).
• The Last Days – A term referring to the period between Christ’s first and second comings. Paul describes the “last days” as times of difficulty, marked by godlessness and moral decay (2 Timothy 3:1-5).
• False Teachers – Individuals who distort the truth of the Gospel, leading others astray. Paul warns Timothy about false teachers and their destructive influence on the church (2 Timothy 2:17-18, 3:5-8).
• Soldier of Christ – Paul uses the metaphor of a soldier to describe the Christian life, emphasizing the need for endurance, discipline, and a focus on pleasing Christ, the commanding officer (2 Timothy 2:3-4).
• Endurance – The quality of persevering through trials and hardships. Paul calls Timothy to endure hardship as a good soldier of Christ and to remain steadfast in his faith and ministry (2 Timothy 2:3, 4:5).
• The Word of Truth – Refers to the message of the Gospel and the teachings of Scripture. Paul urges Timothy to handle the Word of Truth correctly, avoiding quarrels over words and false teachings (2 Timothy 2:15).
• Scripture – The sacred writings of the Old and New Testaments. Paul emphasizes that all Scripture is inspired by God and is useful for teaching, rebuking, correcting, and training in righteousness (2 Timothy 3:16).
• Spiritual Mentorship – The relationship between Paul and Timothy serves as a model of spiritual mentorship. Paul mentors Timothy in the faith, encouraging him to pass on what he has learned to others (2 Timothy 2:2).
• Godlessness – Behavior that rejects God and His moral standards. Paul describes people in the last days as lovers of self, money, and pleasure rather than lovers of God (2 Timothy 3:1-5).
• Guard the Good Deposit – Paul instructs Timothy to protect the Gospel message, the “good deposit,” entrusted to him, by holding firmly to sound teaching and relying on the Holy Spirit (2 Timothy 1:14).
• Spirit of Power – Paul reminds Timothy that God has given believers a spirit not of fear, but of power, love, and self-discipline, encouraging him to be bold in his ministry (2 Timothy 1:7).
• Preach the Word – Paul’s charge to Timothy to proclaim the message of the Gospel consistently and faithfully, whether it is convenient or not, correcting, rebuking, and encouraging others with patience (2 Timothy 4:2).
• Crown of Righteousness – A reward Paul speaks of, reserved for those who have loved Christ’s appearing. Paul expresses confidence that this crown awaits him and all who long for Christ’s return (2 Timothy 4:8).
• Persecution – The suffering faced by believers for their faith. Paul states that all who desire to live a godly life in Christ Jesus will face persecution (2 Timothy 3:12).
• Apostasy – The act of falling away from the faith. Paul warns that in the last days, some will turn away from the truth and turn to myths and false teachings (2 Timothy 4:3-4).
• The Good Fight – A phrase Paul uses to describe his own faithful service to Christ. He tells Timothy that he has fought the good fight, finished the race, and kept the faith (2 Timothy 4:7).
• Self-Control – A characteristic of a mature believer. Paul includes self-control as part of the spirit given by God to Timothy, urging him to exercise discipline in his life and ministry (2 Timothy 1:7).
• Reliable Men – Paul instructs Timothy to entrust the teachings he has received to reliable men who will be qualified to teach others, emphasizing the importance of faithful transmission of the Gospel (2 Timothy 2:2).
• Hymenaeus and Philetus – Examples of false teachers who have wandered from the truth, claiming that the resurrection has already happened, thus leading others astray (2 Timothy 2:17-18).
• Paul’s Imprisonment – Paul writes 2 Timothy from a Roman prison, facing the reality of his impending death. Despite this, he remains hopeful and encourages Timothy to remain faithful (2 Timothy 1:8, 4:6).
• God-breathed – A term Paul uses to describe Scripture, affirming its divine origin and authority. He states that all Scripture is “God-breathed” and useful for teaching and training (2 Timothy 3:16).
• Vessel for Honor – Paul uses the metaphor of a vessel to describe believers, encouraging Timothy to cleanse himself from dishonorable things to be a vessel for honor, useful to the Master (2 Timothy 2:20-21).
• Quarrels and Arguments – Paul warns against engaging in foolish and ignorant controversies that lead to quarrels. Instead, Timothy is to be kind, able to teach, and patient in correcting opponents (2 Timothy 2:23-25).
• The Last Testament of Paul – 2 Timothy is often seen as Paul’s final letter, containing his last words and instructions to Timothy, reflecting his concern for the church and his confidence in God’s promises (2 Timothy 4:6-8).

Glossary for the Book of Titus

• Titus – The recipient of Paul’s letter, a trusted companion and co-worker of Paul. Titus was left in Crete to organize the churches, appoint elders, and address false teachings.
• Paul – The apostle who authored the letter to Titus. Paul writes to provide guidance on church leadership, sound doctrine, and Christian conduct, emphasizing the importance of good works.
• Elders – Church leaders who are responsible for teaching, shepherding, and guiding the congregation. Paul instructs Titus to appoint elders in every town and provides qualifications for them, such as being blameless, self-controlled, and able to teach (Titus 1:5-9).
• Sound Doctrine – Correct teaching that aligns with the Gospel and promotes spiritual health. Paul emphasizes the need for sound doctrine to counter false teachings and to guide believers in living godly lives (Titus 1:9, 2:1).
• False Teachers – Individuals promoting teachings that deviate from the truth of the Gospel. Paul warns Titus about false teachers, particularly those promoting Jewish myths and human commands, who disrupt families and lead people astray (Titus 1:10-14).
• Good Works – Actions that reflect a believer’s faith and are in line with the teachings of Christ. Paul emphasizes the importance of believers being devoted to good works, which demonstrate the transforming power of the Gospel (Titus 2:7, 3:8, 3:14).
• Qualifications for Elders – Paul lists specific character qualities and abilities that elders must possess, including being hospitable, self-controlled, upright, and able to teach sound doctrine (Titus 1:6-9).
• Self-Control – A key virtue in the Christian life. Paul instructs different groups within the church, including older men, young men, and slaves, to exercise self-control as part of living a godly life (Titus 1:8, 2:2, 2:6, 2:12).
• Rebuke – Paul instructs Titus to rebuke false teachers and those who contradict sound doctrine sharply, so that they may be sound in the faith and not led astray (Titus 1:13, 2:15).
• Grace of God – The unmerited favor of God that brings salvation to all people. Paul teaches that the grace of God instructs believers to renounce ungodliness and to live self-controlled, upright, and godly lives (Titus 2:11-12).
• Crete – The island where Titus was left by Paul to organize the church and address various issues. Cretans had a reputation for being dishonest and morally lax, making Titus’s task challenging (Titus 1:5, 1:12).
• Older Men – Paul gives specific instructions for older men in the church, encouraging them to be temperate, dignified, self-controlled, sound in faith, in love, and in endurance (Titus 2:2).
• Older Women – Paul instructs older women to live reverently, avoid slander and excess wine, and to teach what is good, training younger women in their roles and conduct (Titus 2:3-4).
• Younger Women – Paul directs older women to train younger women to love their husbands and children, to be self-controlled, pure, busy at home, kind, and submissive to their husbands (Titus 2:4-5).
• Young Men – Paul encourages young men to be self-controlled and to model good works, showing integrity, seriousness, and soundness of speech in their conduct (Titus 2:6-8).
• Slaves – Paul instructs slaves to be submissive to their masters, to please them, and not to talk back or steal. By doing so, they will make the teaching about God attractive (Titus 2:9-10).
• Blessed Hope – Refers to the anticipation of Christ’s second coming. Paul describes this as the “blessed hope” that encourages believers to live godly lives while awaiting Jesus’ return (Titus 2:13).
• Justification – Being declared righteous before God through faith in Jesus Christ. Paul reminds Titus that believers are justified by God’s grace, not by their works, and are heirs of eternal life (Titus 3:7).
• Regeneration – The process of spiritual rebirth through the Holy Spirit. Paul explains that believers are saved through the washing of regeneration and renewal by the Holy Spirit (Titus 3:5).
• Renewal – The ongoing transformation of believers through the Holy Spirit. Paul emphasizes that this renewal leads to a changed life, producing good works and godly behavior (Titus 3:5).
• Avoid Foolish Controversies – Paul instructs Titus to avoid arguments and debates over foolish controversies, genealogies, and divisions, as they are unprofitable and useless (Titus 3:9).
• Divisive Person – Someone who causes division in the church. Paul advises Titus to warn a divisive person twice, and if they do not change, to have nothing to do with them (Titus 3:10).
• Trustworthy Saying – A phrase used by Paul to emphasize important teachings. He uses it in Titus to stress the reliability of the message about salvation by grace and the call for believers to be devoted to doing good (Titus 3:8).
• Zealous for Good Works – Paul teaches that Jesus gave Himself for believers to redeem them from all wickedness and to purify them as His own people, eager to do what is good (Titus 2:14).
• Hope of Eternal Life – The confident expectation of everlasting life with God. Paul reminds Titus that this hope is grounded in God’s promise and His faithfulness (Titus 1:2, 3:7).
• Rebuke with Authority – Paul charges Titus to teach, encourage, and rebuke with all authority, ensuring that his teachings are based on sound doctrine and that the church adheres to it (Titus 2:15).
• Slander – False and malicious statements that harm others. Paul instructs older women not to be slanderers, highlighting the importance of speech that builds up rather than tears down (Titus 2:3).
• Good Deeds – Paul stresses the importance of believers engaging in good deeds as a reflection of their faith and as a way to be productive and beneficial to others (Titus 3:14).
• Grace – The unearned favor of God that brings salvation. Paul emphasizes that it is by God’s grace, not by human works, that believers are saved and transformed (Titus 2:11, 3:5-7).
• Purity – A quality of living that reflects moral and spiritual cleanliness. Paul encourages both young women and men to live pure and self-controlled lives as a testimony to their faith (Titus 2:5-6).

Glossary for the Book of Philemon

• Philemon – The primary recipient of Paul’s letter. Philemon was a Christian and a leader of the church that met in his home. Paul appeals to him to forgive and welcome back his runaway slave, Onesimus, as a brother in Christ.
• Paul – The apostle who wrote the letter to Philemon. Writing from prison, Paul advocates for Onesimus, urging Philemon to receive him with love and forgiveness.
• Onesimus – A runaway slave who belonged to Philemon. Onesimus became a Christian through Paul’s ministry while Paul was in prison. Paul appeals to Philemon to accept Onesimus back, not just as a slave but as a beloved brother in Christ.
• Forgiveness – A central theme in Philemon. Paul’s letter appeals to Philemon to forgive Onesimus for his wrongdoing and to restore their relationship based on their shared faith in Christ.
• Reconciliation – The restoration of relationships. Paul urges Philemon to reconcile with Onesimus, highlighting the transformative power of the Gospel to change social and personal relationships.
• Brother in Christ – A term Paul uses to emphasize the new spiritual relationship between Philemon and Onesimus. Despite their social statuses as master and slave, they are now equals in Christ (Philemon 1:16).
• Partnership – Paul speaks of his partnership in the faith with Philemon and others. He appeals to this partnership as the basis for his request to forgive and receive Onesimus (Philemon 1:6-17).
• Love – A key virtue in Paul’s letter. He commends Philemon for his love toward the saints and appeals to this love as a reason for him to forgive Onesimus and welcome him back (Philemon 1:5-7).
• Imputed Debt – Paul offers to take on Onesimus’s debt or any wrong he may have caused Philemon, illustrating a self-sacrificial love and an echo of Christ’s atoning work for believers (Philemon 1:18-19).
• Slave – Onesimus’s social status before his conversion. Paul does not directly address the institution of slavery in this letter but instead focuses on the Christian principles of love, equality, and brotherhood (Philemon 1:16).
• Voluntary Response – Paul emphasizes that he prefers Philemon to act out of his own free will rather than out of compulsion. He wants Philemon’s response to Onesimus to be a voluntary expression of his faith and love (Philemon 1:14).
• Prisoner for Christ – Paul refers to himself as a prisoner for Christ Jesus, writing this letter from his imprisonment. His status underscores the gravity and sincerity of his appeal (Philemon 1:1, 1:9).
• Authority and Appeal – While Paul had the authority to command Philemon to do what is right, he chooses instead to appeal to him out of love, emphasizing the voluntary nature of Christian obedience (Philemon 1:8-9).
• Charge it to My Account – Paul’s offer to repay any debt Onesimus owes Philemon serves as a symbolic act of taking on someone else’s burden, reflecting the sacrificial nature of Christian love (Philemon 1:18).
• Useful – The name “Onesimus” means “useful.” Paul makes a play on words, stating that although Onesimus was once useless to Philemon, he has now become useful to both Paul and Philemon (Philemon 1:11).
• House Church – The early Christian community often met in homes. Philemon hosted a church in his house, indicating his role as a leader and supporter of the Christian community (Philemon 1:2).
• Confidence in Obedience – Paul expresses confidence that Philemon will go beyond what he asks, showing trust in Philemon’s faith and character to respond positively to his appeal (Philemon 1:21).
• Spiritual Equality – A theme in Philemon, where Paul underscores that, in Christ, social distinctions such as master and slave are secondary to the spiritual equality and brotherhood among believers (Philemon 1:16).
• Intercession – Paul acts as an intercessor for Onesimus, pleading on his behalf to Philemon. This reflects the Christian practice of interceding for others, especially in matters of reconciliation and forgiveness (Philemon 1:10).
• Faith – Paul acknowledges Philemon’s faith in the Lord Jesus and the love he has for all the saints, using this as the foundation for his appeal for Onesimus’s acceptance (Philemon 1:5).
• Refresh My Heart – Paul appeals to Philemon to welcome Onesimus in a way that would “refresh” Paul’s heart in Christ, showing the deep relational bond and the spiritual encouragement such actions provide (Philemon 1:20).
• Epaphras – A fellow worker and prisoner with Paul. Mentioned in the closing of the letter, Epaphras was a co-laborer in spreading the Gospel and likely a leader in the early church (Philemon 1:23).
• Grace – Paul ends his letter with a blessing of grace for Philemon, highlighting the central theme of grace that runs throughout the letter, emphasizing the unmerited favor believers receive from God (Philemon 1:25).
• Christian Fellowship – The letter reflects the close fellowship among early Christians, marked by mutual support, love, and the sharing of burdens, demonstrating the transformative power of the Gospel in relationships (Philemon 1:6, 1:17).

Glossary for the Book of Hebrews

• Hebrews – The recipients of this epistle are Jewish Christians facing persecution and possibly considering returning to Judaism. The author of Hebrews encourages them to remain steadfast in their faith in Christ.
• High Priest – A central theme in Hebrews. Jesus is presented as the ultimate High Priest who mediates between God and humanity, offering Himself as the perfect sacrifice for sins (Hebrews 4:14-16, 7:26-28).
• Covenant – A solemn agreement between God and His people. Hebrews contrasts the Old Covenant (Law of Moses) with the New Covenant established by Jesus, emphasizing the superiority of the New Covenant (Hebrews 8:6-13).
• Faith – A key concept in Hebrews, particularly in chapter 11, known as the “faith chapter.” Faith is described as the assurance of things hoped for and the conviction of things not seen (Hebrews 11:1).
• Jesus, the Son of God – Hebrews emphasizes the divinity and supremacy of Jesus, who is the exact representation of God’s nature and the one through whom God speaks in these last days (Hebrews 1:1-3).
• Melchizedek – A priest and king mentioned in Genesis. Hebrews describes Jesus as a High Priest in the order of Melchizedek, indicating His eternal and superior priesthood (Hebrews 7:1-17).
• Sacrifice – Hebrews explains that Jesus offered Himself as the perfect and final sacrifice for sins, rendering the repeated animal sacrifices of the Old Testament obsolete (Hebrews 9:12-14, 10:10-14).
• Tabernacle – The portable sanctuary used by the Israelites in the wilderness. Hebrews describes the earthly tabernacle as a copy of the heavenly one, with Jesus serving as the High Priest in the true heavenly tabernacle (Hebrews 8:1-5, 9:1-12).
• Rest – Refers to the spiritual rest believers enter through faith in Christ. Hebrews warns against unbelief, using the Israelites’ failure to enter the Promised Land as an example, and encourages believers to strive to enter God’s rest (Hebrews 4:1-11).
• The New Covenant – The covenant established by Jesus through His death and resurrection, fulfilling and surpassing the Old Covenant. The New Covenant promises a new heart and direct relationship with God (Hebrews 8:6-13, 9:15).
• Better – A recurring term in Hebrews to describe how Jesus and His ministry are superior to the Old Covenant, sacrifices, and priesthood. Jesus provides a “better hope,” “better promises,” and a “better covenant” (Hebrews 7:19, 7:22, 8:6).
• Apostasy – The act of abandoning the faith. Hebrews contains warnings against falling away from faith in Christ, emphasizing the seriousness of turning away after receiving the knowledge of the truth (Hebrews 6:4-6, 10:26-31).
• Shadow and Reality – Hebrews explains that the rituals, sacrifices, and laws of the Old Covenant were shadows of the true reality found in Christ, who fulfills these symbols (Hebrews 8:5, 10:1).
• Once for All – A phrase used to emphasize the sufficiency and finality of Christ’s sacrifice. Unlike the repeated sacrifices of the Old Covenant, Jesus’ sacrifice was offered “once for all” to take away sins (Hebrews 7:27, 9:12).
• Perseverance – The call to endure and remain faithful in the Christian life despite trials and hardships. Hebrews encourages believers to run the race with endurance, looking to Jesus as the pioneer and perfecter of faith (Hebrews 12:1-3).
• Great High Priest – A title for Jesus in Hebrews, highlighting His role as the ultimate mediator who sympathizes with human weaknesses and offers grace and mercy to help in times of need (Hebrews 4:14-16).
• Heavenly Sanctuary – Refers to the true tabernacle in heaven where Jesus ministers as High Priest. The earthly tabernacle was a copy of this heavenly reality (Hebrews 8:1-5, 9:11-12).
• Maturity – Spiritual growth and progress in the faith. Hebrews urges believers to move beyond the elementary teachings about Christ and to press on to maturity (Hebrews 5:12-14, 6:1).
• Angels – Hebrews opens by comparing Jesus to angels, asserting that Jesus is far superior to them because He is the Son of God and not a created being (Hebrews 1:4-14).
• Discipline – Hebrews describes God’s discipline as a sign of His love and a means of producing holiness and righteousness in believers. It encourages believers to endure hardship as discipline from God (Hebrews 12:5-11).
• The Blood of Christ – Refers to Jesus’ sacrificial death, which cleanses believers from sin. Unlike the blood of animals, the blood of Christ purifies the conscience and establishes the New Covenant (Hebrews 9:14, 10:19).
• The Throne of Grace – Hebrews encourages believers to approach God’s throne with confidence to receive mercy and find grace to help in time of need, signifying the access believers have to God through Jesus (Hebrews 4:16).
• The Promise – Refers to God’s promises, especially the promise of entering His rest and the promise of eternal inheritance through Christ. Hebrews encourages believers to hold fast to these promises (Hebrews 4:1, 6:12, 9:15).
• Superior Priesthood – Hebrews explains that Jesus’ priesthood is superior to the Levitical priesthood because it is based on the order of Melchizedek, eternal and unchangeable (Hebrews 7:11-28).
• Living by Faith – The principle of trusting in God and His promises, particularly when facing trials. Hebrews 11 provides examples of Old Testament figures who lived by faith, encouraging believers to do the same (Hebrews 11:1-40).
• Covenant Mediator – Jesus is described as the mediator of the New Covenant, the one who establishes and guarantees it through His sacrificial death, bringing believers into a new relationship with God (Hebrews 8:6, 9:15).
• The Anchor of the Soul – A metaphor describing the hope believers have in God’s unchanging promise, which is secure and steadfast, like an anchor for the soul (Hebrews 6:19).
• Exhortation – Hebrews contains exhortations to encourage and challenge believers to remain faithful, endure suffering, and avoid falling away from their faith in Christ (Hebrews 3:13, 10:25).
• Holiness – A key characteristic of God and a call for believers. Hebrews urges believers to strive for holiness, without which no one will see the Lord (Hebrews 12:14).
• Jesus, the Pioneer and Perfecter of Faith – Describes Jesus as the one who initiates and completes the faith of believers, serving as the ultimate example of endurance and obedience to God (Hebrews 12:2).

Glossary for the Book of James

• James – The author of the letter, traditionally identified as James, the brother of Jesus and a leader in the early church. James writes to encourage believers to live out their faith through actions and godly conduct.
• Trials – Difficult circumstances and challenges believers face. James teaches that trials test faith and produce perseverance, leading to spiritual maturity (James 1:2-4).
• Faith and Works – A central theme in James. He emphasizes that true faith is demonstrated through actions and that faith without works is dead, showing the necessity of living out one’s beliefs (James 2:14-26).
• Wisdom – James encourages believers to seek wisdom from God, who gives generously. True wisdom is characterized by humility, purity, peace-loving actions, and good conduct (James 1:5, 3:13-17).
• Temptation – The enticement to sin. James explains that temptation comes from one’s own desires, not from God, and that yielding to temptation leads to sin and death (James 1:13-15).
• The Royal Law – The command to “love your neighbor as yourself.” James highlights this as the law believers are called to fulfill, reflecting the heart of God’s will for human relationships (James 2:8).
• Double-Mindedness – Refers to a lack of faith and a wavering mind. James warns against being double-minded, encouraging believers to trust God wholeheartedly without doubt (James 1:6-8).
• The Tongue – Symbolizes speech. James warns of the destructive power of the tongue, describing it as capable of great harm if not controlled, and urging believers to use their words wisely (James 3:1-12).
• Partiality – The act of showing favoritism or bias. James condemns partiality, especially favoring the rich over the poor, emphasizing that it contradicts the values of God’s kingdom (James 2:1-9).
• Prayer – An essential practice in the Christian life. James encourages prayer for wisdom, healing, and in times of trouble, teaching that the prayer of a righteous person is powerful and effective (James 1:5, 5:13-16).
• Riches and Poverty – James addresses the transient nature of wealth and the trials of both rich and poor. He warns the rich about the dangers of wealth and oppressing the poor (James 1:9-11, 5:1-6).
• The Perfect Law – Refers to God’s law of liberty. James describes it as the law that gives freedom and encourages believers to be doers of the word, not just hearers (James 1:25).
• Quick to Listen, Slow to Speak – A principle James provides for wise and godly living. He encourages believers to listen more than they speak and to be slow to anger (James 1:19).
• Patience – A virtue James urges believers to cultivate, especially in the face of suffering and trials. He uses the example of the prophets and Job to illustrate enduring faith (James 5:7-11).
• The Word – Refers to God’s message and teachings. James urges believers to receive the word implanted in them, which can save their souls, and to act on it rather than merely listening (James 1:21-22).
• Favoritism – James condemns showing favoritism, especially in the church, where all should be treated equally regardless of social status. This aligns with the teaching to love one’s neighbor (James 2:1-4).
• Peacemakers – Those who promote peace. James states that peacemakers sow in peace and reap a harvest of righteousness, contrasting the discord caused by envy and selfish ambition (James 3:18).
• Judgment – James warns that those who show no mercy will be judged without mercy. He emphasizes that believers should speak and act as those who will be judged by the law of liberty (James 2:12-13).
• The Crown of Life – A reward promised to those who persevere under trial and who love God. It signifies eternal life and the blessings that await faithful believers (James 1:12).
• Friendship with the World – A phrase James uses to describe adopting worldly values and behaviors that oppose God. He warns that friendship with the world is enmity against God (James 4:4).
• Humility – A key virtue in James. He urges believers to humble themselves before the Lord, promising that God gives grace to the humble and exalts them in due time (James 4:6, 4:10).
• Boasting About Tomorrow – James cautions against arrogant plans for the future, reminding believers that life is fleeting and that they should say, “If the Lord wills” when making plans (James 4:13-16).
• Confession – James encourages believers to confess their sins to one another and to pray for one another for healing, highlighting the power of mutual support and prayer (James 5:16).
• Pure Religion – James describes pure and undefiled religion as caring for orphans and widows in their distress and keeping oneself from being polluted by the world (James 1:27).
• The Testing of Faith – Refers to the process through which trials and difficulties test and strengthen a believer’s faith, producing perseverance and spiritual maturity (James 1:2-4).
• Doers of the Word – James emphasizes the importance of not merely hearing the word but acting on it, living out one’s faith through obedience and good works (James 1:22-25).
• Envy and Selfish Ambition – Desires that lead to disorder and evil practices. James contrasts earthly wisdom, which fosters envy and selfishness, with heavenly wisdom that promotes peace and righteousness (James 3:14-16).
• The Prayer of Faith – Refers to praying with confidence in God’s power and will. James teaches that such prayer can lead to healing and forgiveness (James 5:15).
• The Harvest of Righteousness – A result of living a life characterized by peace, humility, and godly wisdom. James suggests that righteousness flourishes in an environment of peace (James 3:18).
• The Judge – A title James uses for God, who stands at the door ready to judge. This serves as a reminder for believers to live righteously and not grumble against one another (James 5:9).

Glossary for the Book of 1 Peter

• Peter – The author of the letter, one of Jesus’ twelve apostles. Peter writes to encourage believers facing persecution, offering guidance on how to live faithfully in a hostile world.
• Elect Exiles – Refers to believers chosen by God and living as “exiles” or “strangers” in the world. This term highlights their status as God’s people who are not fully at home in this world (1 Peter 1:1).
• Living Hope – The hope believers have through the resurrection of Jesus Christ. This hope is alive and assures them of an eternal inheritance that is imperishable, undefiled, and unfading (1 Peter 1:3-4).
• Suffering – A major theme in 1 Peter. Peter addresses the reality of suffering for righteousness’ sake and encourages believers to endure it with the knowledge that it leads to spiritual growth and ultimate glory (1 Peter 4:12-16).
• Holiness – Peter calls believers to live holy lives, reflecting God’s holy nature. He urges them to be holy in all their conduct, following the example of Christ (1 Peter 1:15-16).
• Spiritual House – Peter describes believers as “living stones” being built into a spiritual house, emphasizing the communal aspect of the church as a holy priesthood offering spiritual sacrifices to God (1 Peter 2:5).
• Royal Priesthood – A term used by Peter to describe the identity of believers as chosen people called to declare the praises of God. This priesthood is marked by a life of worship and service to God (1 Peter 2:9).
• Submission – Peter instructs believers to submit to human authorities, masters, and within marriage, as a testimony to their faith and to honor God. This includes submitting even in difficult circumstances (1 Peter 2:13-3:7).
• Christ’s Suffering – Peter emphasizes that Christ suffered once for sins, the righteous for the unrighteous, to bring believers to God. Christ’s suffering serves as an example for how believers should endure suffering (1 Peter 2:21-24, 3:18).
• Inheritance – Refers to the eternal inheritance that believers have in Christ, which is imperishable, undefiled, and kept in heaven for them. This inheritance is a source of hope amidst trials (1 Peter 1:4).
• Born Again – A term Peter uses to describe the new spiritual birth of believers through the living and enduring word of God, leading to a life of hope and holiness (1 Peter 1:23).
• Cornerstone – Jesus is referred to as the cornerstone, the foundation of the spiritual house (the church). While precious to believers, He is a stone of stumbling to those who reject Him (1 Peter 2:6-8).
• Humility – Peter calls believers to clothe themselves with humility toward one another and to humble themselves under God’s mighty hand, trusting that He will lift them up in due time (1 Peter 5:5-6).
• An Example to Follow – Peter points to Christ as the ultimate example of how to respond to suffering and injustice, encouraging believers to follow in His footsteps by not retaliating but entrusting themselves to God (1 Peter 2:21-23).
• Aliens and Strangers – Terms Peter uses to describe believers’ status in the world. They are temporary residents and foreigners whose true citizenship is in heaven, which affects how they live (1 Peter 2:11).
• Spiritual Gifts – Peter encourages believers to use their spiritual gifts to serve others, faithfully administering God’s grace in its various forms. Gifts are given to glorify God and strengthen the church (1 Peter 4:10-11).
• The Fiery Trial – Refers to the intense suffering and persecution that believers may face. Peter encourages them not to be surprised by these trials but to rejoice that they share in Christ’s sufferings (1 Peter 4:12-13).
• The Devil – Described by Peter as a roaring lion seeking someone to devour. Believers are urged to be sober-minded and alert, resisting the devil by standing firm in their faith (1 Peter 5:8-9).
• God’s Grace – Central to Peter’s message. He reminds believers that they stand in God’s true grace, which sustains them through trials and suffering and ultimately leads to eternal glory (1 Peter 5:10-12).
• Shepherd and Overseer – Titles given to Jesus, who watches over believers’ souls. Jesus is the Chief Shepherd, and Peter also uses the shepherding metaphor to describe the role of church elders (1 Peter 2:25, 5:4).
• Wives and Husbands – Peter provides guidance on the conduct of Christian spouses, urging wives to submit to their husbands and husbands to honor their wives, fostering a Christ-centered marriage (1 Peter 3:1-7).
• Living Stone – Jesus is the living stone, rejected by humans but chosen and precious to God. Believers, as living stones, are being built into a spiritual house, signifying their identity and purpose (1 Peter 2:4-5).
• Baptism – Peter refers to baptism as a symbol of salvation, not merely a physical washing but an appeal to God for a clear conscience through the resurrection of Jesus Christ (1 Peter 3:21).
• The End of All Things – Peter reminds believers that the end is near, encouraging them to be alert, sober-minded, and to live in love, prayer, and service as they await Christ’s return (1 Peter 4:7).
• The Chief Shepherd – A title for Jesus, who is the ultimate Shepherd of the church. Peter assures that when the Chief Shepherd appears, faithful shepherds (elders) will receive the unfading crown of glory (1 Peter 5:4).
• Fiery Trials – A metaphor for the severe tests of faith that believers endure. Peter encourages believers not to be surprised by these trials but to see them as a sharing in Christ’s sufferings (1 Peter 4:12).
• Mutual Submission – Peter teaches that all believers should be humble and submissive toward one another, recognizing that God opposes the proud but gives grace to the humble (1 Peter 5:5).
• Cast Your Anxieties – Peter exhorts believers to cast all their anxieties on God, knowing that He cares for them, offering comfort and assurance in times of trouble (1 Peter 5:7).
• Eternal Glory – Refers to the future glory that believers will share with Christ. Peter reminds the suffering believers that after they have suffered for a little while, God will restore them and bring them into His eternal glory (1 Peter 5:10).
• Resist the Devil – Believers are urged to stand firm in their faith and resist the devil’s schemes, remaining steadfast in the knowledge that they are not alone in their sufferings (1 Peter 5:9).

Glossary for the Book of 2 Peter

• Peter – The author of the letter, one of Jesus’ twelve apostles. In 2 Peter, he writes to encourage believers to grow in their faith and to warn them against false teachers.
• False Teachers – A central concern in 2 Peter. These are individuals who introduce destructive heresies, exploit believers with deceptive words, and lead others astray with immoral behavior (2 Peter 2:1-3).
• Divine Nature – Refers to the nature of God that believers share through faith in Christ. Peter explains that God’s promises enable believers to participate in the divine nature and escape the corruption in the world (2 Peter 1:4).
• Knowledge of God – Emphasized as crucial for spiritual growth and defense against false teachings. Peter urges believers to grow in the grace and knowledge of Jesus Christ, which leads to godliness and effective living (2 Peter 1:2-3, 3:18).
• God’s Promises – The precious and great promises given by God to believers. These promises empower believers to live a godly life and partake in the divine nature (2 Peter 1:4).
• Godliness – A key virtue in the Christian life. Peter lists godliness among the qualities believers should pursue to be effective and productive in their knowledge of Jesus (2 Peter 1:5-7).
• The Day of the Lord – Refers to the future return of Christ and the final judgment. Peter describes it as coming like a thief, bringing destruction to the present heavens and earth and ushering in a new heaven and a new earth (2 Peter 3:10-13).
• The Scoffers – People who mock the promise of Christ’s return, questioning the delay of His coming and living according to their own desires. Peter warns that they deliberately ignore God’s past judgment, like the flood (2 Peter 3:3-7).
• The Flood – The judgment of God in Noah’s time, used by Peter as a historical example of God’s ability to judge the world and to emphasize that He will do so again at the end of time (2 Peter 2:5).
• The Transfiguration – A reference to Peter’s eyewitness experience of Jesus’ glory on the mountain, affirming the power and majesty of Christ and the truth of the apostles’ message (2 Peter 1:16-18).
• Apostolic Teaching – The teachings of the apostles, which Peter defends as the true knowledge of Jesus Christ. He emphasizes the importance of adhering to this teaching to avoid being misled by false prophets (2 Peter 1:12-21).
• Prophecy of Scripture – Refers to the messages given by God through the prophets. Peter asserts that true prophecy did not originate from human will but was given through the Holy Spirit, carried along by God (2 Peter 1:20-21).
• The Corruption of the World – Describes the moral decay caused by evil desires. Peter explains that believers escape this corruption through God’s promises and participation in the divine nature (2 Peter 1:4).
• Self-Control – One of the qualities Peter encourages believers to develop in their faith. It is part of the progression toward maturity and effectiveness in the Christian life (2 Peter 1:6).
• False Prophets – Individuals in the past who led people astray with their deceptive teachings. Peter compares them to the false teachers of his time who would secretly introduce destructive heresies (2 Peter 2:1).
• Judgment – Peter warns that false teachers and the ungodly will face certain judgment. He uses examples like the fallen angels, the flood, and Sodom and Gomorrah to illustrate God’s righteous judgment (2 Peter 2:4-9).
• Noah – A righteous man who was saved from the flood. Peter uses Noah as an example of God’s ability to rescue the godly while bringing judgment on the wicked (2 Peter 2:5).
• Sodom and Gomorrah – Cities that were destroyed by God as a judgment for their wickedness. Peter uses their destruction as a warning of the judgment that awaits the ungodly (2 Peter 2:6).
• Lot – A righteous man who was distressed by the lawless deeds of Sodom and Gomorrah. Peter mentions Lot to show that God knows how to rescue the godly from trials (2 Peter 2:7-8).
• The New Heavens and New Earth – The future dwelling place of righteousness that God has promised. Peter encourages believers to look forward to this new creation as they await the Day of the Lord (2 Peter 3:13).
• Precious Faith – Peter describes the faith that believers have received as precious, indicating its value and the fact that it comes through the righteousness of Jesus Christ (2 Peter 1:1).
• Eternal Kingdom – Refers to the everlasting reign of Christ. Peter encourages believers to make every effort to confirm their calling and election to receive a rich welcome into the eternal kingdom (2 Peter 1:11).
• The Divine Power – God’s power that provides everything believers need for a godly life. Peter emphasizes that this power is available through the knowledge of Christ (2 Peter 1:3).
• The Destruction of the Heavens and Earth – Peter describes the end-time destruction of the current heavens and earth by fire, making way for the new creation where righteousness dwells (2 Peter 3:10-12).
• Blasphemy – The act of speaking disrespectfully about God or sacred things. Peter warns that false teachers blaspheme in matters they do not understand and will face destruction as a result (2 Peter 2:12).
• God’s Patience – Peter explains that God’s delay in fulfilling the promise of Christ’s return is due to His patience, not wanting anyone to perish but everyone to come to repentance (2 Peter 3:9).
• Moral Excellence – One of the qualities believers are to add to their faith. Peter lists it as part of the process of growing in the knowledge of Jesus Christ (2 Peter 1:5).
• Apostasy – The act of turning away from the faith. Peter warns that those who have escaped the world’s corruption through knowledge of Christ but then turn back are worse off than before (2 Peter 2:20-22).
• Stability – Peter encourages believers to remain steadfast and not be carried away by the error of lawless people. He calls them to grow in the grace and knowledge of Christ to maintain their spiritual stability (2 Peter 3:17-18).
• Diligence – Peter urges believers to make every effort to add to their faith and to be found spotless, blameless, and at peace with God when Christ returns (2 Peter 1:5, 3:14).

Bible Glossary for the Book of 1 John

• John – The traditionally recognized author of the letter, the apostle John, who was a close disciple of Jesus. John writes to encourage believers in their faith and to affirm the truth of the Gospel.
• Light – A metaphor for God’s holiness, truth, and purity. John emphasizes that God is light, and believers are called to walk in the light, living in truth and holiness (1 John 1:5-7).
• Love – A central theme in 1 John. John describes God as love and teaches that loving one another is a fundamental characteristic of those who know God (1 John 4:7-8, 4:16).
• Fellowship – Refers to the close relationship believers have with God and with each other. John emphasizes that walking in the light leads to fellowship with God and other believers (1 John 1:3, 1:7).
• Sin – Anything that goes against God’s will and law. John discusses the reality of sin, the need for confession, and how believers should strive to avoid sin while living in God’s grace (1 John 1:8-10, 3:4).
• Advocate – Refers to Jesus Christ, who acts as a mediator between believers and God. John describes Jesus as the advocate who speaks to the Father in our defense when we sin (1 John 2:1).
• The World – In 1 John, “the world” often refers to the system of values and desires opposed to God. Believers are warned not to love the world or the things in it, as the world is passing away (1 John 2:15-17).
• Eternal Life – The life that God offers through Jesus Christ, characterized by a personal relationship with God. John writes to assure believers that they have eternal life through their faith in Jesus (1 John 5:11-13).
• Antichrist – Refers to those who deny that Jesus is the Christ. John warns of many antichrists who are already in the world, deceiving people and opposing the truth of the Gospel (1 John 2:18, 4:3).
• Commandments – John emphasizes the importance of obeying God’s commandments, particularly the command to love one another. Obedience is a sign that one truly knows God (1 John 2:3-4, 3:23-24).
• Truth – A key concept in 1 John. John stresses the importance of living in the truth, abiding in the truth of the Gospel, and discerning the truth from lies and falsehoods (1 John 1:6, 3:19, 4:6).
• Confession – The act of admitting one’s sins to God. John teaches that if believers confess their sins, God is faithful and just to forgive them and cleanse them from all unrighteousness (1 John 1:9).
• Born of God – A phrase John uses to describe believers who have experienced spiritual rebirth through faith in Jesus Christ. Those who are born of God do not continue in sin but seek to live righteously (1 John 3:9, 5:1).
• The Spirit – Refers to the Holy Spirit, who testifies to the truth of Jesus Christ. John teaches that believers can know the truth because they have received the Spirit, who guides them (1 John 3:24, 4:13).
• Walking in the Light – A metaphor for living in truth, righteousness, and fellowship with God. John encourages believers to walk in the light as God is in the light, leading to fellowship and cleansing from sin (1 John 1:7).
• The New Commandment – The commandment to love one another, which John calls both an old commandment and a new one. It is new because Jesus exemplified this love, and believers are called to follow His example (1 John 2:7-10).
• Deception – John warns against false teachers and deceptive spirits that deny the truth about Jesus. He encourages believers to test the spirits to discern what is from God (1 John 2:26, 4:1).
• Overcoming the World – John teaches that those who are born of God overcome the world through faith in Jesus Christ. Believers have victory over the world’s values and opposition (1 John 5:4-5).
• Abiding – Refers to remaining in a close, ongoing relationship with God. John stresses that believers should abide in Christ, in His word, and in love to live a fruitful Christian life (1 John 2:24, 3:6, 4:16).
• The Testimony – The message God has given about His Son, Jesus Christ. John states that God has given us eternal life, and this life is in His Son. Believing in this testimony is central to having eternal life (1 John 5:9-12).
• Fear and Love – John teaches that perfect love drives out fear, especially the fear of judgment. He emphasizes that those who live in God’s love do not need to fear punishment because love has been perfected in them (1 John 4:18).
• The Lust of the Flesh – One of the elements John describes as part of the world’s system, including sinful desires and cravings that oppose God’s will (1 John 2:16).
• The Light and the Darkness – Metaphors for good and evil. John states that God is light, and in Him, there is no darkness. Walking in the light means living in truth, while walking in darkness indicates living in sin (1 John 1:5-6).
• Knowing God – John stresses that truly knowing God is evidenced by obeying His commandments and living in love. Those who claim to know God must walk as Jesus walked (1 John 2:3-6).
• The Son of God – A title for Jesus Christ, affirming His divine nature and mission. John emphasizes that believing in Jesus as the Son of God is essential for eternal life (1 John 4:15, 5:5).
• The Anointing – Refers to the Holy Spirit’s presence in believers, which teaches them and enables them to discern truth from falsehood. John reassures believers that they have this anointing from God (1 John 2:20, 2:27).
• The World and Its Desires – John describes the world as being opposed to God, marked by desires that are not from the Father. These desires are temporary, but those who do the will of God live forever (1 John 2:15-17).
• Love One Another – A command that John reiterates throughout his letter. He emphasizes that loving others is evidence of God’s love in us and a hallmark of true Christian faith (1 John 3:11, 4:7).
• Sin Leading to Death – A difficult phrase used by John, which has been interpreted in various ways. He distinguishes between sins that lead to death and those that do not, encouraging believers to pray for others (1 John 5:16).
• The Confidence in Prayer – John teaches that believers can have confidence in approaching God in prayer if they ask according to His will, knowing that He hears and grants their requests (1 John 5:14-15).

Glossary for the Book of 2 John

• The Elder – The author of 2 John, traditionally identified as the apostle John. He refers to himself as “the elder,” indicating his role of authority and pastoral care within the early Christian community (2 John 1).
• The Elect Lady and Her Children – The recipients of the letter. This phrase is generally understood to symbolize a local church (“the elect lady”) and its members (“her children”), emphasizing their chosen status by God (2 John 1).
• Truth – A central theme in 2 John. John emphasizes walking in the truth, living according to the teachings of Christ, and the importance of adhering to the truth of the Gospel (2 John 1-4).
• Love – John reiterates the command to love one another, which he describes as walking according to God’s commandments. Love is presented as a defining characteristic of the Christian life (2 John 5-6).
• Commandments – Refers to the teachings and instructions given by God. John emphasizes that believers should walk in love by obeying God’s commandments, especially the command to love one another (2 John 4-6).
• Walking in the Truth – A phrase that means living in accordance with God’s truth and teachings. John expresses joy that some members of the “elect lady’s” community are walking in the truth (2 John 4).
• The Deceiver – Refers to false teachers who do not acknowledge Jesus Christ as coming in the flesh. John warns against these deceivers who lead others astray from the truth (2 John 7).
• Antichrist – Those who deny the incarnation of Jesus Christ, opposing the true teaching about Him. John warns that many antichrists have gone out into the world, spreading false doctrine (2 John 7).
• Doctrine of Christ – The teaching about Jesus Christ, particularly His incarnation, divinity, and redemptive work. John emphasizes that abiding in the doctrine of Christ is crucial for true fellowship with God (2 John 9).
• Abide – Means to remain or continue. John urges believers to abide in the doctrine of Christ and not to go beyond it, as remaining in this teaching ensures fellowship with both the Father and the Son (2 John 9).
• Joy – John expresses that his joy will be made complete by being with the recipients of the letter face to face, indicating the value of personal fellowship and shared faith (2 John 12).
• Watch Yourselves – An admonition to the believers to be vigilant against false teachings. John warns them to guard themselves so that they do not lose their reward but remain steadfast in the truth (2 John 8).
• Full Reward – Refers to the spiritual reward that believers receive for remaining faithful to the truth and to Christ’s teachings. John encourages his readers to remain steadfast so they may receive a full reward (2 John 8).
• Greeting – John sends greetings from “the children of your elect sister,” which likely represents another church, emphasizing the unity and fellowship among the early Christian communities (2 John 13).
• Do Not Receive – John instructs believers not to welcome or provide hospitality to anyone who does not bring the true doctrine of Christ. This command aims to prevent the spread of false teachings (2 John 10).
• House – In the context of 2 John, “house” refers to the early Christian practice of meeting in homes for worship and fellowship. John’s warning about not receiving false teachers into one’s house emphasizes protecting the church community (2 John 10).
• Jesus Christ as Coming in the Flesh – A crucial belief affirmed in 2 John. Acknowledging Jesus Christ as coming in the flesh affirms His incarnation, a key doctrine that separates true teaching from heresy (2 John 7).
• Truth and Love – John presents truth and love as inseparable in the Christian life. Love is to be expressed within the framework of truth, and believers are to walk in both (2 John 3-6).
• Face to Face – John expresses his desire to communicate with the recipients of his letter in person, showing the importance of personal fellowship and connection in the early church (2 John 12).
• Grace, Mercy, and Peace – The blessings that John extends to the “elect lady” and her children, signifying the gifts from God the Father and Jesus Christ in truth and love (2 John 3).

Glossary for the Book of 3 John

• The Elder – The author of 3 John, traditionally identified as the apostle John. He refers to himself as “the elder,” indicating his role as a leader and shepherd within the early Christian community (3 John 1).
• Gaius – The recipient of the letter. Gaius is a faithful Christian whom John commends for his hospitality and support of fellow believers, especially traveling teachers and missionaries (3 John 1).
• Truth – A key theme in 3 John. John commends Gaius for walking in the truth and living according to the teachings of Christ. Truth encompasses both correct doctrine and faithful living (3 John 3-4).
• Walking in the Truth – Refers to living in a manner consistent with Christian beliefs and values. John expresses joy that Gaius is walking in the truth, which involves both understanding and practicing the teachings of Jesus (3 John 3-4).
• Hospitality – The act of providing care and support to others, particularly traveling teachers and missionaries. John praises Gaius for his hospitality toward these individuals, which helps to further the work of the Gospel (3 John 5-8).
• Fellow Workers – A term John uses to describe those who support the ministry of the Gospel, including those who offer hospitality and financial support to Christian workers. By aiding these workers, Gaius is considered a fellow worker in the truth (3 John 8).
• Diotrephes – A church leader mentioned in 3 John who is criticized by John for his pride, rejection of authority, and refusal to show hospitality. Diotrephes seeks preeminence and opposes those who follow John’s teachings (3 John 9-10).
• Authority – John asserts his apostolic authority in addressing the situation with Diotrephes. Diotrephes is condemned for rejecting John’s authority and for spreading malicious gossip (3 John 9-10).
• Good and Evil – John contrasts good and evil behavior, urging believers to imitate what is good. He states that those who do good are from God, while those who do evil have not seen God (3 John 11).
• Demetrius – A believer who receives a positive commendation from John. John states that Demetrius is well spoken of by everyone, and the truth itself testifies to his good character (3 John 12).
• Imitate – John encourages Gaius to imitate what is good rather than what is evil, highlighting the importance of following godly examples and avoiding the behavior of individuals like Diotrephes (3 John 11).
• Testimony – Refers to the witness given about someone’s character or actions. John mentions the testimony given by fellow believers regarding Gaius’s faithfulness and hospitality, as well as the positive testimony about Demetrius (3 John 3, 12).
• Sending Them Forward – A phrase John uses to describe the support provided to traveling teachers and missionaries. Gaius is praised for “sending them forward on their journey in a manner worthy of God” (3 John 6).
• Face to Face – John expresses a desire to visit Gaius in person to speak with him directly, emphasizing the value of personal fellowship and communication in the Christian community (3 John 14).
• The Church – Refers to the local Christian assembly where Gaius, Diotrephes, and other believers are members. The letter addresses issues within the church, such as authority, hospitality, and conflict (3 John 9-10).
• Gossiping Maliciously – John condemns Diotrephes for spreading harmful and untrue statements about others, including John himself. This behavior disrupts the unity of the church (3 John 10).
• Sending Greetings – In his closing, John sends greetings to Gaius from other believers, demonstrating the interconnectedness and fellowship within the early Christian church (3 John 15).
• Peace – John concludes his letter by wishing peace to Gaius, reflecting a common Christian greeting that expresses a desire for well-being and harmony within the church (3 John 15).
• Traveling Teachers – Christian missionaries or teachers who traveled to spread the Gospel. John commends Gaius for providing hospitality to these workers, helping to advance the mission of the church (3 John 5-8).
• Love in Action – While not explicitly stated as a term, the concept is evident in Gaius’s demonstration of love through his hospitality and support of fellow believers. John commends Gaius for living out the command to love others practically (3 John 5-6).

Glossary for the Book of Jude

• Jude – The author of the letter, identified as the brother of James. Jude writes to warn believers about false teachers and to encourage them to contend for the faith.
• Contend for the Faith – Jude urges believers to vigorously defend and uphold the true Christian faith that was once for all delivered to the saints. This involves resisting false teachings and standing firm in biblical truth (Jude 3).
• False Teachers – Individuals who have secretly infiltrated the Christian community, spreading false doctrines and leading others into immorality. Jude describes them as ungodly people who pervert the grace of God (Jude 4).
• The Faith – Refers to the body of Christian beliefs and teachings. Jude emphasizes that this faith was once for all delivered to the saints and must be preserved and defended (Jude 3).
• The Last Days – A period described by Jude when scoffers will follow their own ungodly desires, causing division. Jude warns believers to be aware of the spiritual dangers present in these times (Jude 18).
• Licentiousness – The behavior of false teachers who turn the grace of God into a license for immorality. Jude condemns their actions, emphasizing that God’s grace should lead to holiness, not sinful living (Jude 4).
• Apostasy – The act of falling away or abandoning the faith. Jude warns about the dangers of apostasy, using examples from the Old Testament to illustrate the consequences of turning away from God (Jude 5-7).
• The Archangel Michael – A high-ranking angel who contended with the devil over the body of Moses. Jude uses this example to highlight the reverence and restraint that even the archangel showed, contrasting it with the arrogance of false teachers (Jude 9).
• Sodom and Gomorrah – Cities that were destroyed by God as a punishment for their sexual immorality and perversion. Jude uses them as an example of the severe judgment that awaits those who live ungodly lives (Jude 7).
• The Way of Cain – Refers to the path of unrighteousness, jealousy, and violence. Jude warns that false teachers have followed the way of Cain, leading others astray by their evil actions (Jude 11).
• Balaam’s Error – Refers to the greed and corruption of the prophet Balaam, who led Israel into sin for financial gain. Jude warns that false teachers are like Balaam, motivated by personal gain rather than truth (Jude 11).
• Korah’s Rebellion – An Old Testament example of rebellion against God’s appointed leaders. Jude uses Korah’s story to illustrate the fate of those who reject divine authority and cause division (Jude 11).
• The Blackest Darkness – A metaphor for the eternal judgment reserved for false teachers and ungodly people. Jude describes this as the “blackest darkness,” indicating the severity of their fate (Jude 13).
• Grumblers and Faultfinders – Characteristics of false teachers who are never satisfied and continually complain. Jude identifies them as individuals who follow their own evil desires and speak arrogantly (Jude 16).
• The Love Feast – A communal meal shared among early Christians, which included the Lord’s Supper. Jude mentions that false teachers participate in these feasts without reverence, causing disruption and danger (Jude 12).
• Enoch – A righteous man from the Old Testament. Jude refers to a prophecy attributed to Enoch about the coming judgment on the ungodly, emphasizing the certainty of God’s judgment on false teachers (Jude 14-15).
• Ungodly – A term Jude uses repeatedly to describe the false teachers who live in opposition to God’s ways. He warns that they deny Jesus Christ and lead others into sin (Jude 4, 15).
• Scoffers – People who mock or ridicule the truth of the Gospel. Jude warns that in the last days, there will be scoffers who follow their own ungodly desires and cause division in the church (Jude 18-19).
• Building Yourselves Up – Jude encourages believers to strengthen their faith by building themselves up in the most holy faith and praying in the Holy Spirit, fostering spiritual growth and resilience (Jude 20).
• Keep Yourselves in God’s Love – Jude’s exhortation for believers to remain faithful and obedient to God’s commands, staying within the sphere of His love as they await the mercy of Jesus Christ (Jude 21).
• Snatching Others from the Fire – A metaphor for rescuing those who are on the brink of spiritual destruction. Jude urges believers to show mercy to those in doubt and to save others by snatching them from the fire of judgment (Jude 23).
• Mercy – Jude calls on believers to show mercy to those who are struggling with doubt and to rescue those who are being led astray by false teachings, while also maintaining a fear of sin (Jude 22-23).
• The Only God – Jude ends his letter with a doxology, praising God as “the only God,” who is able to keep believers from stumbling and present them blameless before His glorious presence (Jude 24-25).
• Praying in the Holy Spirit – Jude instructs believers to pray with the guidance and power of the Holy Spirit, which strengthens their faith and helps them remain in God’s love (Jude 20).
• Clouds Without Rain – A metaphor used by Jude to describe false teachers. They appear promising but are ultimately empty and without substance, leading others to disappointment and spiritual drought (Jude 12).
• Shepherds Who Feed Only Themselves – Jude criticizes false teachers for their selfishness, comparing them to shepherds who care only for themselves rather than for the flock they are supposed to protect (Jude 12).
• Wandering Stars – A metaphor for false teachers who lead others astray. Like stars that wander out of their course, these individuals are unstable and destined for judgment (Jude 13).
• Doubt – Jude acknowledges that some may have doubts and need guidance. He instructs believers to be merciful to those who doubt, providing support and encouragement (Jude 22).
• The Lord’s Judgment – A recurring theme in Jude. He reminds believers of God’s righteous judgment on the ungodly, using historical examples to emphasize the certainty of divine justice (Jude 5-7, 15).
• The Doxology – A concluding prayer of praise to God, where Jude exalts God as the one who can keep believers from stumbling and present them faultless before His glory with great joy (Jude 24-25).

Glossary for the Book of Revelation

• John – The author of Revelation, traditionally identified as the apostle John. He receives visions from Jesus Christ and writes to encourage and warn the seven churches in Asia Minor (Revelation 1:1, 1:4).
• The Seven Churches – The specific churches in Asia Minor to which Revelation is addressed: Ephesus, Smyrna, Pergamum, Thyatira, Sardis, Philadelphia, and Laodicea. Each church receives a unique message from Christ (Revelation 2-3).
• The Alpha and the Omega – A title for God and Jesus Christ, signifying that He is the beginning and the end, eternal and sovereign over all things (Revelation 1:8, 22:13).
• The Lamb – A title for Jesus Christ, symbolizing His sacrificial death for the sins of the world. The Lamb is central to the visions in Revelation, particularly in relation to the victory over evil (Revelation 5:6, 7:17).
• The Throne – Represents God’s sovereign rule and authority. In Revelation, God is often depicted as seated on the throne, surrounded by worship and glory (Revelation 4:2-3, 5:1).
• The Seals – Seven seals on a scroll that only the Lamb can open. As each seal is broken, it reveals events related to judgment and the unfolding of God’s plan (Revelation 6:1-17, 8:1).
• The Trumpets – Seven trumpet blasts signal a series of divine judgments on the earth. Each trumpet corresponds to a specific event or disaster that serves as a warning of the coming final judgment (Revelation 8-9, 11:15).
• The Bowls of Wrath – Seven bowls containing God’s wrath, poured out on the earth as the final series of judgments, leading to the ultimate defeat of evil (Revelation 16:1-21).
• The Beast – A symbolic figure representing oppressive, anti-Christian powers. Revelation describes two beasts, one from the sea and one from the earth, associated with the dragon (Satan) (Revelation 13:1-18).
• The Dragon – A symbol for Satan, the great adversary of God and His people. The dragon seeks to devour and destroy but is ultimately defeated by Christ and His followers (Revelation 12:3-17, 20:2).
• The New Jerusalem – The heavenly city that descends from God at the end of time, representing the eternal dwelling place of God with His people. It symbolizes the fulfillment of God’s promise to make all things new (Revelation 21:2-4).
• The Great Tribulation – A period of intense suffering and persecution for believers, characterized by widespread calamity and the rise of evil powers. It is a time of testing and purification for the faithful (Revelation 7:14).
• The Book of Life – The heavenly record of those who belong to God and have eternal life through faith in Jesus Christ. Only those whose names are written in the Book of Life will enter the New Jerusalem (Revelation 3:5, 20:15).
• The 144,000 – A symbolic number representing the faithful followers of Christ from all the tribes of Israel. They are sealed and protected by God during times of judgment (Revelation 7:4, 14:1).
• The Four Horsemen – The first four seals reveal four horsemen who bring conquest, war, famine, and death, symbolizing various aspects of divine judgment and the brokenness of the world (Revelation 6:1-8).
• Babylon the Great – A symbolic representation of the corrupt world system, characterized by immorality, idolatry, and opposition to God. Babylon is depicted as a harlot who is ultimately judged and destroyed (Revelation 17-18).
• The Mark of the Beast – A mark that symbolizes allegiance to the beast and opposition to God. It represents economic and social control by the beastly powers, distinguishing those who follow the beast from the followers of the Lamb (Revelation 13:16-17).
• The Two Witnesses – Prophetic figures who testify to God’s truth during the time of tribulation. They are given power to perform miracles and are eventually martyred and resurrected (Revelation 11:3-12).
• The Millennium – A thousand-year reign of Christ on earth, a period of peace and righteousness. Interpretations vary on whether this is a literal or symbolic period, with significant theological implications (Revelation 20:1-6).
• The First Resurrection – Refers to the resurrection of the righteous who reign with Christ during the millennium. These individuals are blessed and holy, not subject to the second death (Revelation 20:4-6).
• The Second Death – Refers to the final judgment and eternal separation from God in the lake of fire. Those not found in the Book of Life experience the second death (Revelation 20:14-15, 21:8).
• The Tree of Life – A symbol of eternal life and the restoration of paradise. The tree is located in the New Jerusalem, and its leaves are for the healing of the nations (Revelation 22:2).
• The Seven Spirits – Symbolic of the fullness of the Holy Spirit. The seven spirits are associated with the presence and work of the Holy Spirit before God’s throne (Revelation 1:4, 4:5).
• The Alpha and the Omega – A title for God and Jesus Christ, signifying that He is the beginning and the end, eternal and sovereign over all things (Revelation 1:8, 22:13).
• The Overcomers – Refers to believers who remain faithful to Christ despite trials and persecution. They are promised rewards and eternal life in the presence of God (Revelation 2:7, 3:21, 21:7).
• The Wedding Supper of the Lamb – A celebration of the union between Christ and His church. The wedding supper represents the fulfillment of God’s promise to be with His people forever (Revelation 19:7-9).
• The Scroll – A scroll sealed with seven seals that only the Lamb can open. It represents God’s sovereign plan for history and the unfolding of end-time events (Revelation 5:1-9).
• The Lake of Fire – The final destination of Satan, the beast, the false prophet, and all those whose names are not written in the Book of Life. It symbolizes eternal judgment and separation from God (Revelation 20:10, 20:14-15).
• The Seven Stars – Represent the angels of the seven churches. In the vision, Christ holds the seven stars in His right hand, signifying His authority and care for the churches (Revelation 1:20).
• The Seven Golden Lampstands – Represent the seven churches addressed in Revelation. The lampstands symbolize the church’s role as the light of the world, and Christ walks among them, indicating His presence and oversight (Revelation 1:12, 1:20).